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The second Muslim caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, once reportedly exclaimed, 'I do not know how to treat Zoroastrians!' He and other Muslims encountered Zoroastrians during the conquest of Arabia but struggled to formulate a consistent policy toward the adherents of a religion that was neither biblical nor polytheistic. Some Muslims saw Zoroastrians as pagans and sought to limit interaction with them. Others found ways to incorporate them within the empire of Islamic law. Andrew D. Magnusson describes the struggle between advocates of inclusion and exclusion, the ultimate accommodation of Zoroastrians, and the reasons that Muslim historians have subsequently buried the memory of this relationship.

Islam --- Zoroastrianism --- Zoroastrians --- HISTORY / Middle East / Iran. --- Relations --- Zoroastrianism. --- History. --- Islam. --- Parsees --- Religious adherents

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The modern sense of "Greater Khorasan" today corresponds to a territory which not only comprises the region in the east of Iran but also, beyond Iranian frontiers, a part of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. In the past this entity was simply defined as Khorasan. In the Sassanid era Khorasan defined the "Eastern lands". In the Islamic era this term was again taken up in the same sense it previously enjoyed. The Arab sources of the first centuries all mention the eastern regions under the same toponym, Khorasan. Khorasan was the gateway used by Alexander the Great to go into Bactria and India and, inversely, that through which the Seljuks and Mongols entered Iran. In a diachronic context Khorasan was a transit zone, a passage, a crossroads, which, above all in the medieval period, saw the creation of different commercial routes leading to the north, towards India, to the west and into China. In this framework, archaeological researches will be the guiding principle which will help us to take stock of a material culture which, as its history, is very diversified. They also offer valuable elements on commercial links between the principal towns of Khorasan. This book will provide the opportunity to better know the most recent elements of the principal constitutive sites of this geographical and political entity.

History. --- Khurasan (Iran) -- History. --- Khurāsān (Iran)-- History-- Sources. --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- Middle East --- Khurāsān (Iran) --- Xorâsân (Iran) --- Khorassan (Iran) --- Khorāsān, Iran --- Ḫorāsān (Iran) --- Khurasan (Iran) --- Khurāsān (Iran) --- History --- Sources. --- Iran --- Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies --- Philosophy --- Afghanistan. --- Ausgrabung. --- Iran. --- Turkmenistan. --- excavations. --- HISTORY / Middle East / Iran. --- Ancient Near Eastern Studies. --- Historical Periods --- Medieval History. --- Topics in History --- Cultural History. --- Philosophical Anthropology. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Middle Ages. --- Philosophical anthropology. --- Anthropology, Philosophical --- Man (Philosophy) --- Civilization --- Life --- Ontology --- Humanism --- Persons --- Philosophy of mind --- Dark Ages --- History, Medieval --- Medieval history --- Medieval period --- Middle Ages --- World history, Medieval --- World history --- Civilization, Medieval --- Medievalism --- Renaissance