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This Serves as an exclusive source of information BSR caused by G. boninense. It is a valuable and a must reference and guide for planters, agricultural students, agronomists and all those working in the oil palm industry. The authors believe this book will complementing the existing books on different approaches in the similar field as this book will discuss in-depth details and guidance on controlling the BSR disease using biological means, which is the unique features of the book itself. This book compiles precise and detail information on current detection methods. Infection of Ganoderma only appear at the very late stage of infection where more than 70% of the internal tissues have decayed, leaving no chance to cure the infected palms. Therefore, early detection of infected palms in advance of terminal symptoms is crucial. New approaches which has been proven possible to be conducted in field will be also provided. The key advantages of the reviewed detection methods are to help the readers to determine the best measure they could apply that suit their availability and accessibility. Oil palm is an international commodity used for food, household and industrial purposes. It is the world highest oil producer crop with potential yield capacity of 10 to 15 times higher compares to other oil crops planted on the same size of land. Increases in global demand for edible oil and biofuel, driven by the increasing population remains the main factor driving up the expansion of oil palm cultivation in South East Asia (SEA) countries and other region of the world. Currently, Malaysia and Indonesia are the two countries which contributed to 90% of the world’s palm oil export. Unfortunately, the oil palm industry in SEA is under threat of a devastating disease. This disease is known as Basal Stem Rot (BSR) which caused by a fungus, Ganoderma boninense. In Malaysia alone, the economic loss caused by this disease was estimated between RM 225 million to RM 1.5 billion (up to 500 million USD) a year. With no known remedy at present, BSR disease continues to erode the profitability of the oil palm industry, and created a significant concern globally. This book is a joint effort by the authors whom are currently working actively on finding control methods of BSR disease in oil palm. With immense experience in the field, this book provides information with data backup covering both detection and control strategies of Ganoderma. Many researchers have agreed that most of the failures to control this pathogen are due to the lack of knowledge about this pathogen. Hence, this book provides information on the pathogenic nature of G. boninense. Prior understanding of the pathogen biology and their mode of infection provides the audience a new insight into BSR epidemiology that enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies. This book presents a detailed review on the control measures on BSR disease that is currently taken. These include cultural control that is practised most of the time, chemical control using formulated fungicidal and development of disease resistance variety. Focusing on a specific issue which need urgent attention with good supporting data, this book gives a more in depth information on the use of biological approaches in controlling G. boninense to meet the current oil palm-environmental dilemmas and demand of more eco-friendly practices in the field. Biological agents have been proven to be successful in many different models. In this book, the proposed methods address combinations of biological control agents (BCA) to improve the limitations of single BCA application. The results presented are based on trials conducted all the ways from in vitro to nursery and finally in the field (under the most commonly practiced agronomic practices). The 6 chapters in this book address many current issues in tackling the pathogen and development of sustainable disease managment programmes. There are, an introduction to the oil palm industry in global prespective and its future potential (Chapter 1), The pathogenic nature of Ganoderma (Chapter 2), Current detection methods of G. boninense which are sub-divided into Lab-based and Field detection methods (Chapter 3), Control methods of the pathogen, which covers cultural practices, chemical control, development of disease resistance and biological control (Chapter 4), Integrated control of G. boninense using combination of biocontrol agents (Chapter 5) and finally an overview of the book content which summarize the discussed matters as well as suggest several recommendations for future research or improvement attempts (Chapter 6).

Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Microbiology. --- Plant pathology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Oil palm. --- Oil palm --- Ganoderma diseases of plants. --- Diseases and pests. --- Ganoderma plant diseases --- Fungal diseases of plants --- African oil palm --- Elaeis guineensis --- Elaeis melanococca --- Palm oil tree --- Elaeis --- Oilseed plants --- Palm oil --- Plant diseases. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries

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This Special Issue aims to highlight the dual potential of novel biocatalytic processes, where the first part is dedicated to waste valorization for the production of high value products, while the second part is focused on the detoxification of pollutants. Several examples of microbial systems employed for the valorization of waste streams derived by the forest, agricultural, and food industries or the use of whole-cell or enzyme approaches for the removal of nitrogen or dyes from industrial wastewaters are provided. Last but not least, an example of the utilization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) was highlighted for the production of fatty acids, which were used for the enzymatic synthesis of sugar esters with antimicrobial properties.

mixotrophic --- heterotrophic --- lipids --- fatty acid methyl esters --- dairy wastewater --- birch hydrolysate --- green algae --- Coelastrella --- Chlorella --- DyP peroxidase --- oxidoreductase --- reactive dye --- decolorization --- biopolymers --- medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) --- hydrolysed waste cooking oil --- Pseudomonas putida KT2440 --- biocatalysis --- bioprocess --- polyhydroxyalkanoate --- (R)-3-hydroxyacids --- sugar esters --- antimicrobial --- anammox --- immobilization --- wastewater treatment --- polyvinyl alcohol --- olive mill waste --- lignocellulosic residues --- Ganoderma lucidum --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- medicinal mushrooms --- glucan --- prebiotic --- Lactobacillus --- Bifidobacterium --- waste valorization --- laccase --- genome-mining --- heterologous expression --- Pseudomonas --- non-digestible oligosaccharides --- Celluclast® --- cellobiose --- conduritol-B-epoxide --- lignocellulose enzyme hydrolysis --- n/a

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed that was published in Toxins

Trichoderma --- n/a --- photodegradation product --- physical decontamination --- growth performance --- toxigenic Fusarium --- curcumin --- mitigation --- Aspergillus flavus --- food and beverage --- ascladiol --- biological control --- antioxidant capability --- trichothecene --- bioprospecting --- turkey --- processing --- chicks --- Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 --- mycotoxins --- epimer --- Tri101 --- enzymes --- neutral electrolyzed water --- antioxidant function --- purification --- ameliorating effects --- aflatoxin-degrading enzyme --- chemical decontamination --- desoxypatulinic acid --- furan rings --- maize --- atmospheric pressure --- biotransformation --- estrogen receptor (ER) --- oxidative stress --- decontamination --- Bacillus shackletonii --- hyssop --- DBD --- degradation --- TQEF-MS/MS --- CYP450 --- enzymatic detoxification --- low temperature plasma --- Fusarium --- AFBO–DNA --- modified mycotoxin --- Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 --- polarity --- thermal treatment --- serum hormones --- mycotoxins mitigation --- mycotoxin --- zearalenone (ZEA) --- cell viability --- detoxification --- patulin --- biodegradation --- interactions --- intracellular and extracellular enzymes --- Bacillus licheniformis CK1 --- deoxynivalenol --- aflatoxins --- aflatoxin B1 --- biological decontamination --- Corylus avellana --- molecular --- Pichia caribbica --- mild technologies --- microbial patulin degradation --- enzyme --- proteomics --- fatty acids --- spores of Ganoderma lucidum --- inhibition --- residue --- food safety --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology --- application --- post-weaning female piglets --- laccase --- aflatoxin biodegradation preparation --- Aflatoxin B1 --- microorganism identification --- AFBO-DNA

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, which acquire an uncontrolled growth, immortality, invasiveness, and ability to form distant metastasis. Natural bioactive molecules may interfere with these processes and inhibit the carcinogenesis process. In this book, new molecules and extracts, mainly derived from plants, have been described as being able to alter tumor cell behavior and target several abnormal molecular pathways in cancer cells. Among different cancer cells, the more studied include those derived from glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, lung, breast and gastric cancer. These natural products could be an attractive source for the development of new preventative and therapeutic agents against cancer. They may be more selective and have weaker adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy drugs that are actually used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate whether the in vitro and in vivo animal data are reproduced in humans before the application of natural products in cancer prevention and treatment.

cytotoxic activity --- NCI-60 cancer cell line --- pristimerin --- Salacia crassifolia --- Celastraceae --- Brazilian Cerrado biome --- Salacia elliptica --- Cheiloclinium cognatum --- Plenckia populnea --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Cordyceps sinensis --- isochromanes --- chiral resolution --- ECD calculation --- cytotoxicity --- coronarin D --- JNK --- osteosarcoma --- Zeylenone --- gastric cancer --- invasion --- migration --- apoptosis --- anti-cancer agents --- anthraquinones --- glycosyltransferase --- Dendrobium officinale --- structure elucidation --- anti-tumor activity --- plantation mode --- AR --- Ganoderma tsugae --- lipogenesis --- prostate cancer --- SREBP-1 --- ursolic acid --- betulinic acid --- triterpenoids --- necrotic --- quercetin --- quercetagetin --- patuletin --- lichen --- secondary metabolites --- tumidulin --- stemness potential --- colorectal cancer cells --- oncogene --- transcriptional regulation --- neferine --- FAK/S6K1 --- autophagy --- human neuroblastoma cells --- natural yellow Monascus pigments --- water-soluble --- antioxidation --- MCF-7 cells --- phloretin --- cell proliferation --- inflammation --- glucose uptake --- Catalpa speciosa --- Taxus cuspidata --- Magnolia acuminata --- phenols --- antioxidants --- anticancer --- Colocasia esculenta --- food bioactive --- tarin --- stable nanocapsules --- entrapment efficiency --- no-toxicity --- preclinical tests --- antitumoral activity --- chemotherapeutic adjuvant --- grape leaves --- ASE --- TP --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative --- pro-apoptotic effects --- Gene expression --- Nutraceuticals --- Cucurbitacin B --- gefitinib-resistant NSCLC --- EGFR --- lysosomal degradation --- CIP2A --- zerumbone --- cancer --- NF-κB --- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 --- Akt --- FOXO1 --- multiple myeloma --- quality control --- naringenin --- flavonoids --- traditional preparation --- cancer stem cells --- phytochemicals --- plant-derived foods --- fruit --- vegetable --- cell signaling --- Artemisia absinthium --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitochondrial-dependent pathway --- melanoma --- bee venom --- melittin --- temozolomide --- AKT --- MAPK --- antrodin C --- mTOR --- metabolic stability --- capsazepine --- inflammatory diseases --- ROS --- TRPV1 --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- CLE-10 --- LC3 --- MDA-MB-231 --- lactoferrin hydrolysate --- copper --- manganese --- gastric cancer cells --- anti-cancer activity --- molecular mechanism --- natural product alkaloids --- cephalotaxine --- protein synthesis inhibition --- antiproliferation agents --- folk medicine --- DLD-1 cells --- doxorubicin --- chemotherapy --- drug resistance --- CrataBL --- glioblastoma --- mesenchymal stem cells --- microenvironment --- plant lectin --- protease inhibitor --- cryptolepine --- neocryptolepine --- isocryptolepine --- antiproliferative activity --- structure activity relationships --- Licochalcone A --- ATM-Chk2 --- 13-ethylberberine --- mitochondrial ROS --- RT-R breast cancer cells --- diallyl disulfide --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway --- Pulsatilla saponin D --- SB365 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagic flux inhibition --- lysosomal membrane permeabilization --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CLEFMA --- p38 --- proanthocyanins --- TNF-α --- lung adenocarcinoma --- natural compounds --- cervical cancer --- cell cycle arrest --- dicentrine --- metastasis --- glioma --- semi-synthetic derivative --- ingenol --- Euphorbia tirucalli --- protein kinase C --- seaweed --- porphyran --- carrageenan --- anti-cancer --- natural products --- n/a

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, which acquire an uncontrolled growth, immortality, invasiveness, and ability to form distant metastasis. Natural bioactive molecules may interfere with these processes and inhibit the carcinogenesis process. In this book, new molecules and extracts, mainly derived from plants, have been described as being able to alter tumor cell behavior and target several abnormal molecular pathways in cancer cells. Among different cancer cells, the more studied include those derived from glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, lung, breast and gastric cancer. These natural products could be an attractive source for the development of new preventative and therapeutic agents against cancer. They may be more selective and have weaker adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy drugs that are actually used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate whether the in vitro and in vivo animal data are reproduced in humans before the application of natural products in cancer prevention and treatment.

cytotoxic activity --- NCI-60 cancer cell line --- pristimerin --- Salacia crassifolia --- Celastraceae --- Brazilian Cerrado biome --- Salacia elliptica --- Cheiloclinium cognatum --- Plenckia populnea --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Cordyceps sinensis --- isochromanes --- chiral resolution --- ECD calculation --- cytotoxicity --- coronarin D --- JNK --- osteosarcoma --- Zeylenone --- gastric cancer --- invasion --- migration --- apoptosis --- anti-cancer agents --- anthraquinones --- glycosyltransferase --- Dendrobium officinale --- structure elucidation --- anti-tumor activity --- plantation mode --- AR --- Ganoderma tsugae --- lipogenesis --- prostate cancer --- SREBP-1 --- ursolic acid --- betulinic acid --- triterpenoids --- necrotic --- quercetin --- quercetagetin --- patuletin --- lichen --- secondary metabolites --- tumidulin --- stemness potential --- colorectal cancer cells --- oncogene --- transcriptional regulation --- neferine --- FAK/S6K1 --- autophagy --- human neuroblastoma cells --- natural yellow Monascus pigments --- water-soluble --- antioxidation --- MCF-7 cells --- phloretin --- cell proliferation --- inflammation --- glucose uptake --- Catalpa speciosa --- Taxus cuspidata --- Magnolia acuminata --- phenols --- antioxidants --- anticancer --- Colocasia esculenta --- food bioactive --- tarin --- stable nanocapsules --- entrapment efficiency --- no-toxicity --- preclinical tests --- antitumoral activity --- chemotherapeutic adjuvant --- grape leaves --- ASE --- TP --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative --- pro-apoptotic effects --- Gene expression --- Nutraceuticals --- Cucurbitacin B --- gefitinib-resistant NSCLC --- EGFR --- lysosomal degradation --- CIP2A --- zerumbone --- cancer --- NF-κB --- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 --- Akt --- FOXO1 --- multiple myeloma --- quality control --- naringenin --- flavonoids --- traditional preparation --- cancer stem cells --- phytochemicals --- plant-derived foods --- fruit --- vegetable --- cell signaling --- Artemisia absinthium --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitochondrial-dependent pathway --- melanoma --- bee venom --- melittin --- temozolomide --- AKT --- MAPK --- antrodin C --- mTOR --- metabolic stability --- capsazepine --- inflammatory diseases --- ROS --- TRPV1 --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- CLE-10 --- LC3 --- MDA-MB-231 --- lactoferrin hydrolysate --- copper --- manganese --- gastric cancer cells --- anti-cancer activity --- molecular mechanism --- natural product alkaloids --- cephalotaxine --- protein synthesis inhibition --- antiproliferation agents --- folk medicine --- DLD-1 cells --- doxorubicin --- chemotherapy --- drug resistance --- CrataBL --- glioblastoma --- mesenchymal stem cells --- microenvironment --- plant lectin --- protease inhibitor --- cryptolepine --- neocryptolepine --- isocryptolepine --- antiproliferative activity --- structure activity relationships --- Licochalcone A --- ATM-Chk2 --- 13-ethylberberine --- mitochondrial ROS --- RT-R breast cancer cells --- diallyl disulfide --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway --- Pulsatilla saponin D --- SB365 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagic flux inhibition --- lysosomal membrane permeabilization --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CLEFMA --- p38 --- proanthocyanins --- TNF-α --- lung adenocarcinoma --- natural compounds --- cervical cancer --- cell cycle arrest --- dicentrine --- metastasis --- glioma --- semi-synthetic derivative --- ingenol --- Euphorbia tirucalli --- protein kinase C --- seaweed --- porphyran --- carrageenan --- anti-cancer --- natural products --- n/a