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This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Dietary Proteins and Muscle in Aging People”, welcomes the submission of manuscripts either reporting original research or reviewing the scientific literature. Manuscripts should focus on the mechanisms linking dietary protein with muscle quality and quantity. Articles presenting results from clinical trials testing protein interventions on muscle mass and function are welcome. The Special Issue aims at including articles spanning different disciplines to explore the topic of interest. Reports from basic to clinical and population research are suitable. Articles adopting a longitudinal approach or reporting data from life-long interventions/observations in the exploration of the theme will be given special consideration. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: • Description of patterns of dietary protein consumption across life • Influence of dietary protein intake on the functional status of older people • Preclinical and clinical studies describing the mechanisms through which protein intake modifies muscle mass and function • Protein/amino acid supplementation interventions against sarcopenia, cachexia, or disease conditions associated with muscle wasting in old age • Disease-specific alterations modifying the effects of dietary protein intake on skeletal muscles • Effects of the interactions of dietary protein intake and gut microbiota on skeletal muscles]

Proteins --- Sarcopenia --- Nutrition --- Frailty --- Skeletal muscle

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The number of older subjects is rapidly increasingly worldwide. As a consequence, the nature of clinical conditions is also changing. Traditional medicine and models of care have been based on the evaluation and treatment of single and usually acute conditions occurring in relatively young individuals. Today, the usual clinical manifestation of diseases is characterized by multiple and often chronic conditions affecting older people. In this scenario, frailty and dementia have been triggering special interest both in research and clinical settings due to their high prevalence, impact on the individual’s quality of life, and consequences for public health worldwide. These conditions aptly reflect the complexity of age-related pathological conditions, finding as causal factor a myriad of heterogeneous, interacting, and often still unclear pathophysiological processes. Indeed, their study is strongly affected by the difficulty to differentiate the effects of a normal aging process from eventual pathological deviations of the underlying systems. Their occurrence and trajectories over time are strongly affected by a wide array of factors and determinants that can be hardly attributed to the deficit/involvement of single biological systems and/or health domains. Moreover, environment and social factors also play a key role in the determination of phenotypes. The present Research Topic is aimed at widening our understanding of the frailty and dementia phenomena occurring with aging, in order to improve the clinical and public health approaches to these burdening conditions.

Dementia. --- Aging --- Psychological aspects. --- cognition --- caregiver --- Frailty --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- aging --- cognitive frailty --- Alzheimer

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People are progressively ageing all over the world, and it is estimated that the number of persons aged 60 or over will more than triple by 2100. This emerging population will experience an inevitable rise in dementia, mental health problems and chronic diseases. According to GBD (2010), neuropsychiatric disorders among older adults account for 6.6% of the total disability (DALYs) for this age group, with 15% suffering from a mental disorder. Multiple social, psychological and biological factors are determinant of mental health, as well as life stressors. Among these, the lack of independence, limited mobility, chronic diseases, pain, frailty or other mental and physical problems require long-term care. Beyond this, the elderly are more prone to experience events such as bereavement, a drop in socio-economic status, disability, which leads to isolation, loss of independence, loneliness and psychological distress. Mental health problems and needs assessment by health-care professionals and older people themselves are under-recognised, and the stigma surrounding mental illness makes people reluctant to seek help. The early investigation and diagnosis of these situations are crucial, as well as prior management with an important combination of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, in conjunction with caregivers' and families' support. The present book aims to contribute to the development of knowledge in Aging and Mental Health, taking different approaches from authors, coming from diverse scientific fields, with the final goal being the improvement of quality of life and healthy aging for this growing population.

Aging --- Preventive mental health services for older people. --- Psychological aspects. --- Delirium --- Disability --- chronic diseases --- Depression --- Frailty --- Mental Health --- Dementia

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sarcopenia --- falls --- frailty --- metabolic bone disease --- Musculoskeletal system --- Falls (Accidents) --- Frail elderly --- Frail elderly. --- Diseases --- Prevention --- Prevention. --- Diseases. --- Elderly, Frail --- Frail older people --- Older people --- Accidental falls --- Falling accidents --- Slip and fall accidents --- Slipping and falling accidents --- Accidents --- Locomotor system --- Musculo-skeletal system --- Skeletomuscular system --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacologie --- Frailty. --- Sarcopenia. --- Accidental Falls. --- Musculoskeletal Diseases. --- Orthopedic Disorders --- Musculoskeletal Disease --- Orthopedic Disorder --- Falling --- Falls --- Slip and Fall --- Falls, Accidental --- Accidental Fall --- Fall and Slip --- Fall, Accidental --- Sarcopenias --- Frailness --- Frailty Syndrome --- Debility --- Debilities --- Frailties --- Asthenia --- Musculoskeletal System Diseases --- Older frail people --- Older people with disabilities --- Frail older people.

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It is important to prevent and manage the frailty of the elderly because their muscle strength and physical activity decrease in old age, making them prone to falling, depression, and social isolation. In the end, they need to be admitted to a hospital or a nursing home. When successful aging fails and motor ability declines due to illness, malnutrition, or reduced activity, frailty eventually occurs. Once frailty occurs, people with frailty do not have the power to exercise or the power to move. The functions of the heart and muscles are deteriorated more rapidly when they are not used. Consequently, frailty goes through a vicious cycle. As one’s physical fitness is deteriorated, the person has less power to exercise, poorer cognitive functions, and inferior nutrition intake. Consequently, the whole body of the person deteriorates. Therefore, in addition to observational studies to identify risk factors for preventing aging, various intervention studies have been conducted to develop exercise programs and apply them to communities, hospitals, and nursing homes for helping the elderly maintain healthy lives. Until now, most aging studies have focused on physical frailty. However, social frailty and cognitive frailty affect senile health negatively just as much as physical frailty. Nevertheless, little is known about social frailty and cognitive frailty. This special issue includes original experimental studies, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis studies on the prevention of senescence (physical senescence, cognitive senescence, social senescence), high-risk group detection, differentiation, and intervention.

Public health & preventive medicine --- brain stimulation --- dementia --- meta-analysis --- naming --- primary progressive aphasia --- qualitative evaluation --- cognitive function --- data mining --- Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment --- random forest --- neuropsychological test --- motoric cognitive risk syndrome --- fall --- gait speed --- three-item recall --- older adults --- mixing ability --- color-changing chewing gum --- frailty --- cross-sectional study --- spousal concordance --- aging --- aged --- accidental falls --- pain --- mild cognitive impairment --- depressive symptoms --- frailty profiles --- latent class analysis --- quality of life --- perceived health --- frailty syndrome --- physiotherapy --- exercise --- mood --- BDI --- STAI --- SWLS --- muscle strength --- community-dwelling older adults --- physical frailty --- prevalence --- risk factors --- non-robust --- FRAIL scale --- Tilburg Frailty Indicator --- determinants --- community-based --- sleep quality --- middle-aged and older adults --- SUNFRAIL --- psychometric properties --- screening tool --- social isolation --- social networks --- social support --- social participation --- Parkinson’s disease dementia --- instrumental activities of daily living --- clinical dementia rating --- convergence rate --- neuropsychological tests --- neuropsychiatric symptoms --- explainable artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- stacking ensemble --- Self-Rating Anxiety Scale --- multiple risk factors --- fall assessment sheet --- elderly patients --- hospitalization --- risk management --- driving cessation --- meaningful activities --- psychosomatic functions --- physical functional performance --- nursing homes --- physical fitness --- gait analysis --- indicators --- screening --- artificial intelligence --- healthcare --- frail --- Baduanjin --- strength training --- endurance training --- Explainable Artificial Intelligence