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Floating-point arithmetic. --- Computer arithmetic

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This is the first book to focus on the problem of ensuring the correctness of floating-point hardware designs through mathematical methods. Formal Verification of Floating-Point Hardware Design, Second Edition advances a verification methodology based on a unified theory of register-transfer logic and floating-point arithmetic that has been developed and applied to the formal verification of commercial floating-point units over the course of more than two decades, during which the author was employed by several major microprocessor design companies. The theory is extended to the analysis of several algorithms and optimization techniques that are commonly used in commercial implementations of elementary arithmetic operations. As a basis for the formal verification of such implementations, high-level specifications of the basic arithmetic instructions of several major industry-standard floating-point architectures are presented, including all details pertaining to the handling of exceptional conditions. The methodology is illustrated in the comprehensive verification of a variety of state-of-the-art commercial floating-point designs developed by Arm Holdings. This revised edition reflects the evolving microarchitectures and increasing sophistication of Arm processors, and the variation in the design goals of execution speed, hardware area requirements, and power consumption. Many new results have been added to Parts I-III (Register-Transfer Logic, Floating-Point Arithmetic, and Implementation of Elementary Operations), extending the theory and describing new techniques. These were derived as required in the verification of the new RTL designs described in Part V.

Mathematical logic --- Mathematics --- Electronics --- Electrical engineering --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Computer. Automation --- microprocessoren --- computers --- hardware --- logica --- architectuur (informatica) --- elektrische circuits --- Floating-point arithmetic. --- Mètodes formals (Informàtica) --- Aritmètica computacional

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Floating-point arithmetic is by far the most widely used way of implementing real-number arithmetic on modern computers. Although the basic principles of floating-point arithmetic can be explained in a short amount of time, making such an arithmetic reliable and portable, yet fast, is a very difficult task. From the 1960s to the early 1980s, many different arithmetics were developed, but their implementation varied widely from one machine to another, making it difficult for nonexperts to design, learn, and use the required algorithms. As a result, floating-point arithmetic is far from being exploited to its full potential. This handbook aims to provide a complete overview of modern floating-point arithmetic, including a detailed treatment of the newly revised (IEEE 754-2008) standard for floating-point arithmetic. Presented throughout are algorithms for implementing floating-point arithmetic as well as algorithms that use floating-point arithmetic. So that the techniques presented can be put directly into practice in actual coding or design, they are illustrated, whenever possible, by a corresponding program. Key topics and features include: * Presentation of the history and basic concepts of floating-point arithmetic and various aspects of the past and current standards * Development of smart and nontrivial algorithms, and algorithmic possibilities induced by the availability of a fused multiply-add (fma) instruction, e.g., correctly rounded software division and square roots * Implementation of floating-point arithmetic, either in software—on an integer processor—or hardware, and a discussion of issues related to compilers and languages * Coverage of several recent advances related to elementary functions: correct rounding of these functions and computation of very accurate approximations under constraints * Extensions of floating-point arithmetic such as certification, verification, and big precision Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic is designed for programmers of numerical applications, compiler designers, programmers of floating-point algorithms, designers of arithmetic operators, and more generally, students and researchers in numerical analysis who wish to better understand a tool used in their daily work and research. .

Algorithms. --- Computer arithmetic. --- Floating-point arithmetic. --- Floating-point arithmetic --- Computer arithmetic --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Computer Science --- Mathematics - General --- Computer science --- Computer mathematics --- Discrete mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Digital arithmetic --- Digital computer arithmetic --- Mathematics. --- Programming languages (Electronic computers). --- Computer mathematics. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Math Applications in Computer Science. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters. --- Arithmetic --- Computer architecture --- Computer software. --- Computer science. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Informatics --- Science --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Software, Computer --- Computer systems --- Foundations --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Computer languages --- Computer program languages --- Computer programming languages --- Machine language --- Languages, Artificial