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Iron–sulfur (FeS) centers are essential protein cofactors in all forms of life. They are involved in many key biological processes. In particular, Fe-S centers not only serve as enzyme cofactors in catalysis and electron transfer, they are also indispensable for the biosynthesis of complex metal-containing cofactors. Among these cofactors are the molybdenum (Moco) and tungsten (Wco) cofactors. Both Moco/Wco biosynthesis and Fe-S cluster assembly are highly conserved among all kingdoms of life. After formation, Fe-S clusters are transferred to carrier proteins, which insert them into recipient apo-proteins. Moco/Wco cofactors are composed of a tricyclic pterin compound, with the metal coordinated to its unique dithiolene group. Moco/Wco biosynthesis starts with an Fe-S cluster-dependent step involving radical/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) chemistry. The current lack of knowledge of the connection of the assembly/biosynthesis of complex metal-containing cofactors is due to the sheer complexity of their synthesis with regard to both the (genetic) regulation and (chemical) metal center assembly. Studies on these metal-cofactors/cofactor-containing enzymes are important for understanding fundamental cellular processes. They will also provide a comprehensive view of the complex biosynthesis and the catalytic mechanism of metalloenzymes that underlie metal-related human diseases.

CO dehydrogenase --- dihydrogen --- hydrogenase --- quantum/classical modeling --- density functional theory --- metal–dithiolene --- pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes --- fold-angle --- tungsten enzymes --- electronic structure --- pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect --- thione --- molybdenum cofactor --- Moco --- mixed-valence complex --- dithiolene ligand --- tetra-nuclear nickel complex --- X-ray structure --- magnetic moment --- formate hydrogenlyase --- hydrogen metabolism --- energy conservation --- MRP (multiple resistance and pH)-type Na+/H+ antiporter --- CCCP—carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone --- EIPA—5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride --- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) --- electron transfer --- enzyme kinetics --- enzyme structure --- formate dehydrogenase --- carbon assimilation --- Moco biosynthesis --- Fe-S cluster assembly --- l-cysteine desulfurase --- ISC --- SUF --- NIF --- iron --- molybdenum --- sulfur --- tungsten cofactor --- aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase --- benzoyl-CoA reductase --- acetylene hydratase --- [Fe]-hydrogenase --- FeGP cofactor --- guanylylpyridinol --- conformational changes --- X-ray crystallography --- iron-sulfur cluster --- persulfide --- metallocofactor --- frataxin --- Friedreich’s ataxia --- n/a --- metal-dithiolene --- pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect --- CCCP-carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone --- EIPA-5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride --- Friedreich's ataxia

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This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of Advances in Mineral Processing and Hydrometallurgy. This includes a global call for article submissions that also included Characterization along with Recycling and Waste Minimization. As such, both primary and recycled aspects will be considered. Possible specific topics included Mineralogy, Geometallurgy, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Comminution, Classification, Physical Separations, Liquid–Solid Separations, Leaching, Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon, Precipitation, Reduction, Process Economics and Process Control. Suggested application areas were in Gold, Silver, PGM’s, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, and Titanium. Critical Metals articles on topics such as Lithium, Antimony Tellurium, Gallium, Germanium, Cobalt, Graphite, Indium, and Rare Earth were also welcome. As such, this Special Issue of Metals was well supported by diverse submissions and the final publication of high-quality peer-reviewed articles.

BOS filter cakes --- butyric acid --- selective leaching --- leaching behaviors --- zinc --- iron --- chalcocite --- sulphide leaching --- copper --- reusing water --- desalination residue --- ecological treatment --- leaching --- black copper ore --- copper wad --- copper pitch --- comminution --- grinding circuit --- Swebrec function --- size distribution models --- modelling --- lateritic ore --- iron and steelmaking wastes --- alkalis --- aqueous treatment --- waste treatment --- reducing agent --- manganese --- viscoelasticity --- quartz --- kaolin --- seawater --- magnesium precipitates --- chalcopyrite concentrate --- hydrogen peroxide --- sulfuric acid --- leaching kinetics --- copper tailings --- rheology --- fractal aggregates --- thickening --- MnO2 --- acid media --- ANOVA --- dissolution --- arsenic --- trisulfide --- copper sulfate --- kinetics --- shrinking core model --- time-to-a-given-fraction kinetics analysis --- silica recovery --- column flotation --- mining waste --- waste reprocessing --- CuFeS2 --- chloride media --- manganese nodules --- thiosulfate --- gold leaching --- silver leaching --- kinetic analysis --- sedimentary ore --- diffusion control --- mixed control --- chalcopyrite --- ionic liquid --- bromide --- seawater flotation --- pyrite depression --- guar gum --- FBRM --- clay-based copper tailings --- fractal dimension --- mixing intensity --- population balance model --- seawater flocculation --- platinum-group metal --- metal precipitation --- ion-pair --- aliphatic primary amine --- hydrochloric acid --- enhanced flocculation --- water recovering --- magnesium removal --- shredded waste printed circuit boards --- precious metals --- bromine --- platinum group elements --- catalytic converters --- acidic fusion --- acidic leaching --- sulfation --- n/a --- nitrate --- gas scrubbing --- recovery --- gold --- refractory --- nitric acid --- microwave --- coal fly ash --- sandy grade alumina --- AlCl3·6H2O --- crystallization --- salting-out method --- gibbsite --- precipitation --- electric arc furnace dust --- monosodium glutamate --- ammonia leaching --- high-pressure leaching --- copper extraction --- silver extraction --- desilication --- malachite --- carbonate --- ammonium hydroxide --- heterogeneous model --- rare earth elements --- NdFeB permanent magnet --- hydrometallurgical --- electrodialysis (ED) --- lithium --- lithium-ion battery --- lithium sulfate --- multistage concentration (MSC) --- gold cyanide leaching --- sulfide minerals --- SART process --- cyanidation --- activated carbon --- metal–cyanide complex --- copper ore --- carbon in pulp (CIP), agitated tank --- cyanide complexes --- metal-cyanide complex

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Reactions at mineral surfaces are central to all geochemical processes. As minerals comprise the rocks of the Earth, the processes occurring at the mineral–aqueous fluid interface control the evolution of the rocks and hence the structure of the crust of the Earth during processes such as metamorphism, metasomatism, and weathering. In recent years focus has been concentrated on mineral surface reactions made possible through the development of advanced analytical methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), advanced electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), phase shift interferometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and advanced synchrotron-based applications, to enable mineral surfaces to be imaged and analyzed at the nanoscale. Experiments are increasingly complemented by molecular simulations to confirm or predict the results of these studies. This has enabled new and exciting possibilities to elucidate the mechanisms that govern mineral–fluid reactions. In this Special Issue, “Mineral Surface Reactions at the Nanoscale”, we present 12 contributions that highlight the role and importance of mineral surfaces in varying fields of research.

metadynamics --- minerals --- n/a --- microstructure --- dissolution-reprecipitation --- stabilization --- albite --- mineral–water interface --- simulation --- krennerite --- mineralogy --- mineral replacement --- calcite --- pyrite --- dissolution-precipitation --- goethite --- recrystallization --- gold–(silver) tellurides --- isotopes --- non-classical nucleation --- calaverite --- interfacial precipitation --- toxic metals --- metasomatism --- adsorption --- amorphous --- pre-nucleation clusters --- surface --- dissolution --- hematite --- cyanide --- MOFs --- leaching --- Raman spectroscopy --- sodalite --- carbonation --- rate spectra --- retreat velocity --- additives --- liquid precursors --- bioaragonite --- brucite --- kinetics --- re-adsorption --- brushite --- polymorphs --- dissolution–precipitation --- hydrothermal experiments --- apatite --- ferrihydrite --- mesocrystals --- catalysts --- carbonic anhydrase --- XPS --- replacement reaction --- mineral growth --- carbon capture and storage --- interfaces --- citrate --- classical nucleation theory --- REEs --- phosphate --- wollastonite --- polarization microscopy --- natural porous gold --- sylvanite --- analcime --- calcium phosphate --- Fe atom exchange --- nepheline --- biomineralisation --- interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation --- hydrothermal method --- mineral-water interface --- gold-(silver) tellurides --- interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation

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The increasingly stricter standards for effluent discharge and the decreasing availability of freshwater resources worldwide have made the development of advanced wastewater treatment technologies necessary. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are becoming an attractive alternative and a complementary treatment option to conventional methods. AOPs are used to improve the biodegradability of wastewaters containing non-biodegradable organics. Besides, AOPs may inactivate pathogenic microorganisms without adding additional chemicals to the water during disinfection, avoiding the formation of hazardous by-products. This Special Issue of Processes aims to cover recent progress and novel trends in the field of AOPs, including UV/H2O2, O3, sulphate-radical oxidation, nanotechnology in AOPs, heterogeneous photocatalysis, sonolysis, Fenton, photo-Fenton, electrochemical oxidation, and related oxidation processes. The topics to be addressed in this Special Issue of Processes may also include the application of AOPs at various scales (laboratory, pilot, or industrial scale), the degradation of emerging contaminants in water and wastewater and pollutants in the gas phase, the quantification of toxicicy in residuals, the development of novel catalytic materials and of hybrid processes, including the combination of AOPs with other technologies, process intensification, and the use of photo-electrochemical processes for energy production.

polycyclic musks --- degradation mechanism --- UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process --- water treatment --- UV-LED --- photoreactors --- mining wastewater --- cyanide --- metal removal --- photocatalysis --- TiO2 nanotubes --- emerging contaminants --- paracetamol --- pH --- heating oxidation --- surface/interface properties --- floatability --- induction time --- bubble-particle wrap angle --- cow manure --- chemical activation process --- activated carbon --- pore property --- cationic pollutant --- adsorption performance --- nano zero-valent iron --- borohydride reduction method --- wastewater treatment --- iron nanopowders --- lead ions --- biological processes --- electrochemical processes --- oxidation processes --- petroleum --- phenols --- sulfides --- ethyl violet --- Mn-doped Fe/rGO nanocomposites --- mesoporous materials --- artificial intelligence --- gradient boosted regression trees --- total dissolved nitrogen --- digestion method --- digestion efficiency --- intensification --- ozone --- electrolyzed water --- foodborne pathogens --- sanitization --- advace oxitadion processes (AOP) --- electro-oxidation --- ferrate ion --- BBR dye --- n/a

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Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture. Modern biocatalysis started in the mid-1850s with the pioneer works of Pasteur. Today, biotransformations have become an indispensable part of our lives, similar to other hi-tech products. Now, in 2019, biocatalysis “received” the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to prof. Frances H. Arnold’s achievements in the area of the directed evolution of enzymes. This book deals with some major topics of biotransformation, such as the application of enzymatic methods in glycobiology, including the synthesis of hyaluronan, complex glycoconjugates of N-acetylmuramic acid, and the enzymatic deglycosylation of rutin. Enzymatic redox reactions were exemplified by the enzymatic synthesis of indigo from indole, oxidations of β-ketoesters and the engineering of a horse radish peroxidase. The enzymatic reactions were elegantly employed in biosensors, such as glucose oxidase, in the case of electrochemical glucose sensors. Nitrilases are important enzymes for nitrile metabolism in plants and microorganisms have already found broad application in industry—here, these enzymes were for the first time described in Basidiomyceta. This book nicely describes molecular biocatalysis as a pluripotent methodology—“A jack of all trades...”—which strongly contributes to the high quality and sustainability of our daily lives.

E. coli --- recombinant horseradish peroxidase --- site-directed mutagenesis --- periplasm --- glycosylation sites --- Aspergillus niger --- quercetin --- rutin --- rutinose --- rutinosidase --- “solid-state biocatalysis” --- hyaluronic acid --- in vitro synthesis --- one-pot multi-enzyme --- optimization --- enzyme cascade --- Basidiomycota --- Agaricomycotina --- nitrilase --- cyanide hydratase --- nitrile --- substrate specificity --- overproduction --- homology modeling --- substrate docking --- phylogenetic distribution --- indigo --- MISO library --- flavin --- monooxygenase --- FMO --- β-N-acetylhexosaminidases --- transglycosylation --- Glide docking --- Talaromyces flavus --- muramic acid --- non-reducing carbohydrate --- glucose oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate --- glucose sensor --- glycemic level monitoring --- Pseudomonas putida MnB1 --- biogenic manganese oxides --- abiotic manganese oxides --- α-Hydroxy-β-keto esters --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- surface display --- cell wall anchor --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- whole-cell biocatalyst --- n/a --- Fe(II)/2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase --- 2-ketoglutarate generation --- regio- and stereo-selective synthesis --- hydroxy amino acids --- sequential cascade reaction --- "solid-state biocatalysis"