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The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections and sterile inflammation through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) resulting in the production of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines. Several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which were released by passive or active mechanisms under sterile conditions, are additionally recognized by PRRs and can cause or even aggravate the inflammatory response. In this special issue many aspects of innate immunity are summarized. Mechanisms of different DAMPs to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, functions of different immune cells, as well as the crosstalk between coagulation and innate immunity were described. Furthermore, aspects of autoinflammatory diseases, types of programmed cell death pathways, and insect immunity are covered. Finally, therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases related to autoimmunity or infections are suggested. Overall, this special issue presents a broad overview of activities related to sterile inflammation and defense mechanisms of innate immunity.

Medicine --- inflammation --- type I interferons --- interleukin-1β --- crosstalk --- hepatic non-parenchymal cells --- albumin --- chronic liver diseases --- bacteria --- cytomegalovirus --- endothelin receptor --- repurposing --- cell culture --- Drosophila suzukii --- hemocytes --- plasmatocytes --- extracellular traps --- HMGB1 --- RAGE --- TLR4 --- DAMP --- SIRT1 --- α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- nociceptor --- cancer --- COVID-19 --- proteostasis --- autoinflammation --- ribosomopathies --- proteinopathies --- proteasomopathies --- extracellular RNA --- cytokines --- macrophages --- endothelial cells --- toll-like receptors --- angiogenesis --- γδ T cells --- gamma delta T cells --- proliferation --- macrophage polarization --- neutrophils --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- NETs --- ischemia --- PANoptosis --- PANoptosome --- pyroptosis --- apoptosis --- necroptosis --- inflammatory cell death --- inflammasome --- innate immunity --- infection --- NLR --- caspase --- IRF1 --- ZBP1 --- RIPK1 --- RIPK3 --- MLKL --- NLRP3 --- AIM2 --- Pyrin --- caspase-1 --- ASC --- caspase-8 --- caspase-3 --- caspase-7 --- plasticity --- redundancy --- SMOC1 --- thrombin --- n/a

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Plant essential oils (PEOs) are hydrophobic liquids that contain volatile chemical components that are derived from various plant parts. They are among the most important plant natural products because of their diverse biological features as well as their therapeutic and nutritional applications. In addition, several aromatic PEOs are used to flavor food and add aromas to incense in the culinary sector. Recently, many PEOs have demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity against different post-harvest diseases and have been considered as possible natural alternatives for chemical treatments. This Special Issue titled “Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity” provided an overview of several elements of PEOs, including their biological applications, antimicrobial activities, bio-pharmaceutical properties, principal single constituents, and mechanisms of action. This Special Issues fills in knowledge gaps and aids in the advancement of EO applications around the world. This issue contains thirteen research articles and two review papers that address a wide range of topics and applications relevant to the bioactivity of PEOs.

allelopathy --- bioherbicides --- volatile oils --- terpenes --- aromatic plants --- Curcuma longa --- essential oil --- extraction methods --- chemical composition --- agri-food industry --- antimicrobial --- herbicidal --- antioxidant --- horseweed --- wavy-leaf fleabane --- sesquiterpenes --- cytotoxicity --- anti-senility --- tomato --- eco-friendly product --- essential oils --- quality preservation --- antioxidants --- damage index --- phytotoxicity --- environmental factors --- Cleome genus --- anti-inflammation --- Oncosiphon suffruticosum --- antibacterial --- tyrosinase inhibition --- sun protection factor --- medicinal plants --- GC-MS --- postharvest diseases --- biological control --- cell membrane permeability --- pale smartweed --- green chemistry --- herbicides --- Jungia rugosa --- Jungia bullata --- Jungia jelskii --- Jungia malvifolia --- Asteraceae --- enantiomers --- Ecuador --- Pulicaria crispa --- chemometric analysis --- chemotype --- Aerva javanica --- sandy soil --- hydrodistillation --- antioxidant activity --- seasonal variation --- angustione --- trichomes --- fruit storage --- natural products --- quality-related attributes --- volatiles --- Anisosciadium lanatum --- HepG2 --- BCL-2 --- CASPASE-3 --- apoptotic markers --- WRKY transcription factor --- Fusarium root rot --- Mentha spicata --- Mentha longifolia GC–MS --- antioxidant enzymes --- antifungal activity --- Annona cherimola --- enantioselective analysis --- antibacterial activity --- anticholinesterase activity --- germacrene D --- Campylobacter jejuni --- antimicrobial activity --- phytopathogens --- food preservatives

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Zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to metzincins that comprise not only 23 human MMPs but also other metalloproteinases, such as 21 human ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) and 19 secreted ADAMTSs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase thrombospondin domain). The many setbacks from the clinical trials of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors for cancer indications in the late 1990s emphasized the extreme complexity of the participation of these proteolytic enzymes in biology. This editorial mini-review summarizes the Special Issue, which includes four review articles and 10 original articles that highlight the versatile roles of MMPs, ADAMs, and ADAMTSs, in normal physiology as well as in neoplastic and destructive processes in tissue. In addition, we briefly discuss the unambiguous involvement of MMPs in wound healing.

hemagglutinin-B --- transwell co-cultures --- matrix metalloproteinases --- TNF-α --- matrix metalloproteinase --- peritoneal mesothelial cell --- gastric cancer --- metastatic dissemination --- MT4-MMP --- cancer --- diseases --- aggrecan --- aggrecanase --- ADAMTS --- cartilage --- arthritis --- MMP-2 --- MMP-9 --- inhibitor --- allodynia --- caspase-3 --- neuropathic --- pain --- dorsal root ganglion --- spinal nerve ligation --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- HIV-TB-associated IRIS --- extracellular matrix breakdown --- adult --- pediatric --- lung --- central nervous system --- matrix-metalloproteinase --- monocytes --- inflammation --- phagocytosis --- apoptosis --- blood sampling --- anticoagulants --- high-molecular-weight heparin --- IL-16 --- sICAM-1 --- IL-8 --- T cells --- a disintegrin and metalloproteinase --- EMMPRIN --- CD147 --- ectodomain shedding --- MMPs --- PTMs --- glycosylation --- phosphorylation --- glycosaminoglycans --- interleukin --- IL-6 --- IL-11 --- trans-signaling --- metalloproteases --- ADAM --- MMP --- meprin --- matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) --- protease --- signaling --- invasion --- chemokine --- cytokine --- proteomics --- interferon --- Agkistrodon venom --- metalloproteinase --- fibrinogen --- antithrombotic --- metabolomics --- extracellular matrix --- cytokines --- proteinases --- interstitial collagens --- wound healing

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Nature continuously produces biologically useful molecules and provides humankind with life-saving drugs or therapies. Natural products (NPs) offer a vast, unique and fascinating chemical diversity and these molecules have evolved for optimal interactions with biological macromolecules. Moreover, natural products feature pharmacologically active pharmacophores which are pharmaceutically validated starting points for the development of new lead compounds. Over half of all approved (from 1981 to 2014) small-molecule drugs derived from NPs, including unaltered NPs, NPs synthetic derivatives and synthetic natural mimics, originated from a NPs pharmacophore or template. According to the FDA, NPs and their derivatives represent over one-third of all FDA-approved new drugs, in particular for anticancer/antibiotic lead compounds, which are remarkably enriched with NPs.

multi-component reaction --- fusidic acid --- TEMPO-conjugate --- electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy --- caspase-3 --- incomptine A --- sesquiterpene lactone --- Decachaeta incompta --- cytotoxic activity --- iTRAQ --- apoptosis --- ROS production --- violacein --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- proliferation --- stemness --- natural products --- tumor microenvironment (TME) --- lung cancer --- phytochemicals --- botanical agents --- steroidal alkaloids --- solanidane alkaloids --- demissidine --- solanidine --- flavonoids --- coronavirus --- SARS-CoV-2 --- SARS-CoV --- MERS-CoV --- anticancer activity --- apoptosis resistance --- ophiobolin A --- polygodial --- Wittig reaction --- melanoma --- tumor heterogeneity --- pregnancy --- anti-tumor peptides --- in vitro model --- medicinal herbs --- cancer treatment --- cancer stem cells --- drug resistance --- metastasis --- RCE-4 --- PCD --- ATG 4B --- the Bcl-2–Beclin 1 complex --- Sparticola junci --- structure elucidation --- ECD-TDDFT --- COX inhibitory --- molecular docking --- antiproliferative --- cytotoxic --- Sepedonium ampullosporum --- peptaibols --- ampullosporin --- glutamic acid methyl ester --- solid-phase peptide synthesis --- antifungal --- anticancer --- target identification --- kaempferol --- docking --- DARTS --- Src --- breast cancer --- butein --- frondoside-A --- STAT3 --- angiogenesis --- invasion --- viability --- tumor growth --- marine fungi --- Cosmospora sp. --- soudanone --- Magnaporthe oryzae --- co-culture --- phytopathogen --- molecular networking --- metabolomics --- bispecific antibody --- Trypsiligase --- click chemistry --- biorthogonal chemistry --- antibody engineering --- n/a --- the Bcl-2-Beclin 1 complex

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Structural and Functional Analysis of Extracts in Plants collects 1 editorial, 3 reviews, and 26 research articles reporting recent research findings which cover several aspects of plant-derived bioactive compounds, to correlate extraction techniques with the chemical composition of extracts and their bioactivity for identifying molecules that might be used as active substances in a wide variety of areas.This book is a valuable resource for members of the scientific community wishing to further explore plants and the therapeutic applications of their bioactive compounds. It will appeal to scholars, teachers and scientists involved in plant product research, and facilitate the development of innovative new drugs.

hierarchical cluster analysis --- principal component analysis --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- triterpenic acid --- Ziziphus jujuba --- water-pepper --- FRAP --- DPPH --- polarity-based solvent extraction --- α-amylase inhibition --- circular economy --- green biorefinery --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- phytochemicals --- amino acids --- food and feed --- UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS --- Bergenia emeiensis --- polysaccharides --- optimization --- RSM --- acrylamide-induced damage --- Sorbus commixta fruit --- anti-melanoma activity --- caspase-3 --- polyphenolic compounds --- depression --- antioxidant --- cytokines --- anti-inflammatory --- cytotoxicity --- medicinal mushroom --- Psilocybe natalensis --- coak oak --- chlorophyll --- terpenes --- lupeol --- cuticular permeance --- Suaeda vermiculata --- halophyte --- aqueous-ethanolic extract --- liver toxicity --- hepatoprotective --- liver disorders --- mass spectrometry --- LC-MS --- HepG-2 --- HepG-2/ADR --- zebrafish --- toxicity --- embryotoxicity --- medicinal plant --- animal model --- Crocus sativus --- in vivo --- carrageenan --- analgesic --- antidepressant --- anticoagulant --- adipogenesis --- AMPK --- anti-obesity --- triglycerides --- UCP1 --- Anacardiaceae --- design of experiments (DOEs) --- flavonoids --- green extraction --- HPLC-DAD --- LC-MS/MS --- tannins --- ultrasound assisted-extraction (UAE) --- compact mass spectrometry --- cleansing properties --- detergent plants --- phytochemical --- tissue culture --- Arbutus pavarii --- antibacterial activity --- MRSA --- time–kill curves --- ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry (UHPLC- ESI-MS/MS) --- Trigonella stellata --- caffeic acid --- osteoporosis --- osteoblast --- osteoclast --- BMP --- Euphorbia cuneata --- Euphorbiaceae --- lipopolysaccharide --- oxidative stress --- NF-κB --- lung injury --- pachycereus weberi --- escontria chiotilla --- antioxidant activity --- phenolic compounds --- betalains --- food composition --- food analysis --- Scrophularia buergeriana --- S. koraiensis --- S. takesimensis --- harpagoside --- osteoclast differentiation --- RANKL --- Araucaria angustifolia --- bioactive compounds --- cysteine protease inhibitor --- functional food --- insecticide --- plant extracts --- termites --- tumor cells --- pine nuts --- urban pest --- polyphenols --- fruit development --- natural food colorant --- Sambucus canadensis --- Japanese knotweed --- Reynoutria --- Polygonum --- Polygonaceae --- anthraquinones --- emodin --- physcion --- HPTLC --- HPTLC-MS --- densitometry --- carrot juices --- carotenoids --- high-speed juicer --- low-speed juicer --- food processing --- extraction --- glucosinolates --- kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) --- phenolics --- candelilla plant --- antioxidant properties --- antimicrobial activity --- candelilla cultivation --- candelilla wax --- polysterols --- saponins --- therapeutic properties --- sage --- stirring and heating extraction --- mechanochemical extraction --- antiproliferative activity --- mutagenicity --- anticoagulant activity --- Rosmarinus officinalis --- hydroalcoholic extract --- Sam-Myo-Whan --- traditional medicine --- gouty arthritis --- inflammation --- monosodium urate --- Underutilized Mexican plants --- Cactus fruits --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative properties --- n/a --- time-kill curves