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Metals --- Alloys --- Hardenability of metals --- Hardness --- Strengthening mechanisms in solids --- Heat treatment of metals --- Metallurgy --- Metallic alloys --- Metallic composites --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Amalgamation --- Microalloying --- Quenching of metals --- Cooling --- Quenching. --- Heat treatment. --- Hardenability. --- Quenching --- Heat treatment

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Metal ions are fundamental elements for the maintenance of the lifespan of plants, animals and humans. Their substantial role in biological systems was recognized a long time ago. They are essential for the maintenance of life and their absence can cause growth disorders, severe malfunction, carcinogenesis or death. They are protagonists as macro- or microelements in several structural and functional roles, participating in many bio-chemical reactions, and arise in several forms. They participate in intra- and intercellular communications, in maintaining electrical charges and osmotic pressure, in photosynthesis and electron transfer processes, in the maintenance of pairing, stacking and the stability of nucleotide bases and also in the regulation of DNA transcription. They contribute to the proper functioning of nerve cells, muscle cells, the brain and the heart, the transport of oxygen and to many other biological processes up to the point that we cannot even imagine a life without metals. In this book, the papers published in the Special Issue “The Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine” are summarized, providing a picture of metal ion uses in biology, biochemistry and medicine, but also pointing out the toxicity impacts on plants, animals, humans and the environment.

aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress --- n/a

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The rapid technological developments during the later half of the 20th century have demanded materials that are stronger, capable of use at much higher temperatures, more corrosion-resistant, and much less expensive than those currently used. These demands become even more significant on the threshold of the new century and the millennium. Significant improvements in properties can only be achieved by processing the materials under far-from-equilibrium (or non-equilibrium) conditions. Several new processing technologies have been developed during the past few decades including, rapid solidifi

Metals --- -Metals --- -Nonequilibrium thermodynamics --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Critical phenomena (Physics) --- Equilibrium --- Chemical equilibrium --- Chemical systems --- Critical point --- Irreversible thermodynamics --- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics --- Thermodynamics of the steady state --- Irreversible processes --- Thermodynamics --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Rapid solidification processing --- Thermomechanical treatment --- Nonequilibrium thermodynamics. --- Phase rule and equilibrium. --- Rapid solidification processing. --- Thermomechanical treatment. --- Nonequilibrium thermodynamics --- Thermomechanical processing of metals --- Thermomechanical strengthening of metals --- Thermomechanical treatment of metals --- Strain hardening --- Rapid quenching processing of metals --- Rapid solidification processing of metals --- Founding --- Liquid metals --- Solidification --- Heat treatment --- Quenching

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This Special Issue of Metals was dedicated to recent advances in low-carbon and stainless steels. Although these types of steels are not new, they are still receiving considerable attention from both research and industry sectors due to their wide range of applications and their complex microstructure and behavior under different conditions. The microstructure of low-carbon and stainless steels resulting from solidification, phase transformation, and hot working is complex, which, in turn, affect their performance under different working conditions. A detailed understanding of the microstructure, properties, and performance for these steels has been the aim of steel scientists for a long time. This Issue received quality papers on different aspects of these steels including their solidification, thermomechanical processing, phase transformation, texture, etc., and their mechanical and corrosion behaviors.

pitting --- sigma phase --- 2205 --- duplex stainless steel --- austenitic stainless steel --- cold deformation --- microstructures --- mechanical properties --- austenite --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- phase transformation --- nucleation --- ferrite --- CCT --- TTT --- incubation --- transformation start --- FAC --- LBE --- turbulent flow --- dissolution --- modelling --- low-carbon AHSS --- Q&amp --- P --- toughness --- precipitation --- martensite packet --- mechanical characterization --- martensitic transformations --- dynamic transformation --- Nb-microalloyed steel --- roughing passes --- hot forming --- multiphase steel --- quenching and partitioning --- austempering --- Gleeble simulation --- press hardening --- martensite --- quenching --- partitioning --- dilatometry --- EBSD-IQ --- fast heating rate --- formation of austenite --- initial microstructure --- PAGS --- transformation behavior --- tensile properties --- metastability --- LCF --- HCF --- VHCF --- ambient and elevated temperatures --- carbon steel --- rotationally accelerated shot peening --- nanocrystalline --- corrosion resistance --- transformation kinetics --- local equilibrium --- para equilibrium --- Cr-rich precipitate --- interphase boundary --- type 430 stainless steel --- HSLA steel --- alloy design --- grain refinement of austenite --- Zener pinning force --- recrystallization --- Niobium Nb

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The use of lightweight structures across several industries has become inevitable in today’s world given the ever-rising demand for improved fuel economy and resource efficiency. In the automotive industry, composites, reinforced plastics, and lightweight materials, such as aluminum and magnesium are being adopted by many OEMs at increasing rates to reduce vehicle mass and develop efficient new lightweight designs. Automotive weight reduction with high-strength steel is also witnessing major ongoing efforts to design novel damage-controlled forming processes for a new generation of efficient, lightweight steel components. Although great progress has been made over the past decades in understanding the thermomechanical behavior of these materials, their extensive use as lightweight solutions is still limited due to numerous challenges that play a key role in cost competitiveness. Hence, significant research efforts are still required to fully understand the anisotropic material behavior, failure mechanisms, and, most importantly, the interplay between industrial processing, microstructure development, and the resulting properties. This Special Issue reprint book features concise reports on the current status in the field. The topics discussed herein include areas of manufacturing and processing technologies of materials for lightweight applications, innovative microstructure and process design concepts, and advanced characterization techniques combined with modeling of material’s behavior.

n/a --- microstructure --- Mg-Al-Ba-Ca alloy --- strength --- severe plastic deformation --- hot working --- surface roughness --- high pressure torsion extrusion --- optimization --- fatigue fracture behavior --- magnesium alloys --- de-coring --- formability --- multilayered sheets --- HPDC --- spring-back --- contact heat transfer --- mechanical properties --- bending --- in-die quenching --- equivalent strain --- light metals --- processing --- heat transfer --- damage --- creep aging --- thin-walled profile --- rolling --- aluminum alloy --- transmission line fittings --- ceramic core --- processing map --- automated void recognition --- FEA --- multi-output porthole extrusion --- density --- kinetic analysis --- texture --- non-ferrous alloys --- material characterization --- stress superposition --- hot stamping --- metal flow --- hybrid composite material --- V-bending test --- finite element model --- aluminium alloy --- shear lap test --- Al-Cu-Mg alloy --- characterization