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Research into active galactic nuclei (AGN) - the compact, luminous hearts of many galaxies - is at the forefront of modern astrophysics. Understanding these objects requires extensive knowledge in many different areas: accretion disks, the physics of dust and ionized gas, astronomical spectroscopy, star formation, and the cosmological evolution of galaxies and black holes. This new text by Hagai Netzer, a renowned astronomer and leader in the field, provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory underpinning our study of AGN and the ways that we observe them. It emphasizes the basic physics underlying AGN, the different types of active galaxies and their various components, and the complex interplay between them and other astronomical objects. Recent developments regarding the evolutionary connections between active galaxies and star-forming galaxies are explained in detail. Both graduate students and researchers will benefit from Netzer's authoritative contributions to this exciting field of research.

Active galactic nuclei. --- Noyaux actifs de galaxies. --- AGNs (Astronomy) --- Active galaxies --- Galactic nuclei

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The aim of this research was to use the X-ray satellite Suzaku to establish a picture of a central engine that effectively converts the gravitational energy of accreting matter onto the supermassive black hole to a huge amount of radiation in an active galactic nucleus. Although the engine is known to consist of a Comptonizing corona and an accretion disk, its image has remained unclear because primary emissions, coming directly from the engine, cannot be identified in X-ray spectra without models. The book describes a technique of time variability assisted spectral decomposition to model-independently examine X-ray signals, and how this was applied to the Suzaku archive data of active galactic nuclei. As a result, at least three distinct primary X-ray components have been discovered in an X-ray from an active galactic nucleus, presumably indicating a novel picture that the engine is composed of multiple coronae with different physical properties in an accretion flow. Furthermore, the determination of the spectral shapes of the primary X-rays has a significant impact on estimations of black hole spins, because it is essential to quantify reprocessed X-ray spectra. The successful model-independent decomposition of X-ray spectral components with flux variations of active galactic nuclei is likely to be effective in future data analyses from the soon-to-be-launched Japanese X-ray satellite ASTRO-H, which is capable of achieving unprecedented fine spectros copy and broad energy band coverage.

Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Active galactic nuclei. --- Active galaxies. --- Space astronomy. --- Galaxies, Active --- AGNs (Astronomy) --- Astronautics in astronomy --- Astronomy --- Space sciences --- Galaxies --- Active galaxies --- Galactic nuclei --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement   . --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Observations.

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The exploration of the first billion years of the history of the Universe, from the so-called Dark Ages to cosmic reionisation, represents one of the great challenges of contemporary astrophysics and one of the main drivers for future observational facilities. The book contains the elaborated notes of lectures given at the 36th Saas-Fee Advanced Course "First Light in the Universe" by three eminent scientists in the field: Abraham Loeb, Andrea Ferrara, and Richard Ellis. The formation of the first stars and black holes, the initial mass function, feedback effects, early dust formation, the history of cosmic star formation, distant galaxies, cosmic reionisation and the cosmic infrared background are the main topics treated. This book provides an accessible and up-to-date review of the field and will be useful to graduate students of astronomy, cosmologists, physicists and researchers.

Galaxies --- Active galaxies --- Stars --- Red shift --- Evolution --- Observations --- Redshift --- Astrophysics --- Cosmology --- Doppler effect --- Expanding universe --- Astronomy. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Astrophysics. --- Gravitation. --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Physics --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Properties

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During the past few decades, plasma science has witnessed a great growth in laboratory studies, in simulations, and in space. Plasma is the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe. It is a state in which ionized matter (even as low as 1%) becomes highly electrically conductive. As such, long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behavior. Cosmic plasmas are mostly associated with stars, supernovae, pulsars and neutron stars, quasars and active galaxies at the vicinities of black holes (i.e., their jets and accretion disks). Cosmic plasma phenomena can be studied with different methods, such as laboratory experiments, astrophysical observations, and theoretical/computational approaches (i.e., MHD, particle-in-cell simulations, etc.). They exhibit a multitude of complex magnetohydrodynamic behaviors, acceleration, radiation, turbulence, and various instability phenomena. This Special Issue addresses the growing need of the plasma science principles in astrophysics and presents our current understanding of the physics of astrophysical plasmas, their electromagnetic behaviors and properties (e.g., shocks, waves, turbulence, instabilities, collimation, acceleration and radiation), both microscopically and macroscopically. This Special Issue provides a series of state-of-the-art reviews from international experts in the field of cosmic plasmas and electromagnetic phenomena using theoretical approaches, astrophysical observations, laboratory experiments, and state-of-the-art simulation studies.

cosmic ray knee and ankle --- blazars --- numerical methods --- global jets --- MHD–accretion --- muti-messenger astronomy --- massive star supernovae --- galaxies: active --- TBD --- 26Al --- black holes --- accreting black holes --- particle-in-cell simulations --- kink-like instability --- laser-induced nuclear reactions --- magnetic fields --- magneto-hydrodynamics --- gamma-ray bursts --- active galactic nuclei --- accretion discs–jets --- numerical relativity --- plasma physics --- GRMHD --- high-power laser systems --- radio interferometry --- recollimation shocks --- effective lifetime --- multi-wavelength astronomy --- relativistic jets --- high energy astrophysics --- jets --- active galaxies --- relativistic astrophysics --- helical magnetic fields --- laser plasma --- X-ray binaries --- polarization --- the Weibel instability --- AGN --- neutrino astrophysics --- radiation mechanism: non-thermal --- nuclear astrophysics --- cosmic rays --- mushroom instability --- accretion disks --- MHD winds