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Waarom moeten we 1200 euro betalen voor een iPhone die slechts 300 euro kost? Omdat enkele grote bedrijven, zoals Apple, AB Inbev, Zara of Amazon veel te dominant zijn geworden. Het zijn forten geworden met een brede, diepe slotgracht eromheen. De ongeëvenaarde technologische vooruitgang heeft die innoverende bedrijven ook toegelaten de concurrentie te fnuiken. Dat maakt dat zij de prijzen van hun producten kunstmatig hoog kunnen houden en grote winsten kunnen genereren. Maar daardoor is er minder productie, vervolgens minder vraag naar banen en zo ontstaat een neerwaartse druk op de lonen.Deze evolutie is funest voor heel velen. Kleine bedrijven hebben het moeilijk om te overleven en mensen die minder hooggeschoold zijn gaan erop achteruit. Hun reële lonen zijn vandaag de dag lager dan veertig jaar geleden. Ze verloren dus aan koopkracht en dat leidt onvermijdelijk tot sociale onrust.Eeckhout pleit voor een onafhankelijke competitie-autoriteit, liefst wereldwijd, die de middelen krijgt om de marktmacht van de supersterbedrijven binnen de perken te houden.Bron: www.bol.com
BPB9999 --- Arbeidsmarkt --- Markteconomie --- concurrentie --- digitale transformatie --- digitální transformace --- цифров преход --- transformación digital --- transformacja cyfrowa --- digital omstilling --- digitalna transformacija --- digital transformation --- skaitmeninė pertvarka --- digital omvandling --- digitalna preobrazba --- transformation numérique --- trasformazione digitale --- transformare digitală --- digipööre --- digitaler Wandel --- digitālā pārveide --- trasformazzjoni diġitali --- ψηφιακός μετασχηματισμός --- transformação digital --- digitális transzformáció --- digitálna transformácia --- digitaalinen muutos --- digitaliseerimine --- digital omställning --- digitalisering --- digiüleminek --- concurență --- ανταγωνισμός --- konkurencja --- Wettbewerb --- soutěž --- konkurencia --- конкуренция --- tržišno natjecanje --- concorrência --- kilpailu --- kompetizzjoni --- iomaíocht --- competencia --- concurrence --- konkurrencë --- konkurenca --- konkurrence --- konkurents --- конкуренција --- konkurencija --- competition --- concorrenza --- konkurrens --- konkurence --- verseny --- principio della concorrenza --- condição de concorrência --- mededinging --- konkurrencevilkår --- concorrenza praticabile --- concorrenza effettiva --- posizione concorrenziale --- ефективна конкуренција --- condizioni di concorrenza --- начела на конкуренција --- услови на конкуренција --- конкурентска позиција --- BPB2203 --- 460 Economie --- Economics --- economie --- winst --- Economie --- Economische theorie --- Winst --- Technologie --- Technologische vooruitgang --- Marktwaarde --- Monopolie --- Concurrentie --- KMO --- machtspositie --- prijsbeheersing --- multinationale onderneming --- imperialisme --- imperializmas --- imperialismus --- империализъм --- impérialisme --- Imperialismus --- imperializëm --- imperialismi --- ιμπεριαλισμός --- imperializmus --- imperiālisms --- империјализам --- imperialism --- imperjaliżmu --- imperijalizam --- imperializm --- imperialismo --- impiriúlachas --- imperializem --- hegemoonia --- hégémonie --- hegemoni --- ülevõim --- hegemony --- hegemonia mundial --- хегемонија --- ylivalta --- hegjemoni --- imperiální politika --- hegemónia --- overherredømme --- ηγεμονία --- Hegemonie --- hegemonija --- egemonia --- hegemonía --- hegemonie --- intrapriża multinazzjonali --- întreprinderi multinaționale --- multinacionális vállalat --- multinacionalno poduzeće --- multinationales Unternehmen --- hargmaine ettevõte --- мултинационално претпријатие --- πολυεθνική επιχείρηση --- мултинационално предузеће --- entreprise multinationale --- empresa multinacional --- ndërmarrje shumëkombëshe --- nadnárodní společnost --- impresa multinazionale --- nadnárodná korporácia --- tarptautinio verslo įmonė --- przedsiębiorstwo wielonarodowe --- fiontar ilnáisiúnta --- multinacionalna družba --- многонационално предприятие --- daudznacionāls uzņēmums --- monikansallinen yhtiö --- multinational enterprise --- multinational virksomhed --- multinationellt företag --- corporații multinaționale --- multinacionální korporace --- impresa internazionale --- multinationale vennootschap --- impresa planetaria --- shumëkombësh --- multinationalt selskab --- multinational corporation --- kompani shumëkombëshe --- nadnárodní firma --- daugiašalė kompanija --- société multinationale --- nadnárodná spoločnosť --- πολυεθνική --- multinationale --- мултинационална корпорација --- mnohonárodní společnost --- società multinazionale --- multinacionális vállalkozás --- hargmaine äriühing --- multinational company --- nadnárodní korporace --- riikidevaheline --- multinacional --- starptautiska korporācija --- società internazionale --- πολυεθνική εταιρία --- korporatë shumëkombëshe --- hargmaine korporatsioon --- multinaționale --- Multi --- multinational --- multi --- sociedade multinacional --- daugiašalė įmonė --- companii multinaționale --- многунационално претпријатие --- multinazionale --- multinationale Gesellschaft --- mezinárodní podnik --- multinationellt bolag --- nadnárodný --- multinacionális társaság --- monikansallinen yritys --- multinacionalna kompanija --- мултинационална компанија --- sociedad multinacional --- контрола цена --- árellenőrzés --- контрола на цени --- hinnakontroll --- kainų kontrolė --- priskontroll --- kontroll tal-prezzijiet --- cenu kontrole --- price control --- kontrola cijena --- nadzor cen --- priskontrol --- řízení cen --- controllo dei prezzi --- Preisüberwachung --- controlul prețurilor --- control de precios --- kontrola cen --- έλεγχος των τιμών --- контрол на цените --- controlo de preços --- rialú praghsanna --- hintavalvonta --- cenová kontrola --- contrôle des prix --- mbajtje në kontroll e çmimeve --- планско стопанство --- Preiskontrolle --- comitato interministeriale prezzi --- trasparenza del mercato --- árfelügyelet --- kontrola nad cenami --- CIP --- доминантна позиција --- pożizzjoni dominanti --- pozicion dominues --- dominantní postavení --- erőfölény --- доминираща позиция --- marktbeherrschende Stellung --- prevladujoč položaj --- dominerande ställning --- dominant position --- poziție dominantă --- posizione dominante --- ceannasacht --- pozycja dominująca --- dominance --- määräävä markkina-asema --- доминантни положај --- turgu valitsev seisund --- vyraujančioji padėtis --- posição dominante --- vladajući položaj --- position dominante --- dominerende stilling --- δεσπόζουσα θέση --- posición dominante --- dominantné postavenie --- premoćni položaj --- comportamento predatorio di un'impresa dominante --- turgu valitseva seisundi kuritarvitamine --- abuso di posizione dominante --- întreprindere în poziție dominantă --- spoločnosť s dominantným postavením --- company in a dominant position --- shoqëri tregtare në pozitë dominuese --- erőfölénnyel való visszaélés --- onderneming met machtspositie --- доминантно претпријатие --- impresa dominante --- abuso de posição dominante --- dominantni položaj --- злоупотреба на доминантната позиција --- empresa em posição dominante --- abuse of dominant position --- erőfölényes helyzet --- dominējošs uzņēmums --- turgu valitsev ettevõte --- abuz al poziției dominante --- misbruik van een machtspositie --- virksomhed i dominerende stilling --- zloupotreba položaja --- επιχείρηση σε δεσπόζουσα θέση --- zneužitie dominantného postavenia --- abuzim me pozitën dominuese --- impresa in posizione dominante --- määräävässä markkina-asemassa oleva yhtiö --- misbrug af dominerende stilling --- företag med dominerande ställning --- missbruk av dominerande ställning --- vyraujančioji bendrovė --- dominances ļaunprātīga izmantošana --- abus de position dominante --- määräävän markkina-aseman väärinkäyttö --- abuso de posición dominante --- abuso di potere di mercato --- empresa de posición dominante --- piktnaudžiavimas vyraujančiąja padėtimi --- erőfölényben lévő vállalkozás --- Missbrauch einer marktbeherrschenden Stellung --- vedoucí postavení --- marktbeherrschendes Unternehmen --- κατάχρηση δεσπόζουσας θέσης --- entreprise en position dominante --- цифрова трансформация --- transizione digitale --- transición digital --- přechod k digitalizaci --- transição digital --- digitális átállás --- transition numérique --- digitaalinen siirtymä --- an t-aistriú digiteach --- cyfryzacja --- tranziție digitală --- digital overgang --- digitale transitie --- digital transition --- digitalizacija --- digitalna tranzicija --- tranżizzjoni diġitali --- digitális átalakulás --- prelazak na digitalnu tehnologiju --- digitālā pārkārtošanās --- ψηφιακή μετάβαση --- digitale Wende --- digitalni prehod --- claochlú digiteach
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This publication examines how drug originator manufacturers manage to shield their products from competition. It characterizes the pharmaceutical industry in detail and analyzes actions that violate antitrust laws in the USA and/or the European Union. The publication examines, for example, pay-for-delay strategies, market foreclosure, resale price maintenance, but also mergers and acquisitions, while taking into account market specificities such as the unique research and development process. The study explains why drug prices sometimes remain at elevated levels even after the drug’s patent protection has expired. Knowing the characteristics of such anticompetitive strategies helps customers such as health insurance companies to develop effective counter-strategies. Contents • Overview of Antitrust and Competition Issues • Vertical Restraints under Parallel Trade • Competitive Restraints under Reference Pricing Target Groups • Scholars and students of economics and business administration with a focus on pharmacoeconomics and competition law • Executives and consultants in health insurance companies and regulatory institutions About the Author Ann-Kathrin Lehnhausen, M.Sc. in Business Administration and M.A. in Economics, worked at Justus-Liebig-University Giessen as teaching asssistant during her studies. After her graduation she started working as junior sales manager, responsible for API Exports, at a pharmaceutical company, where she combines her interest in economics with her interest in the pharmaceutical market.
Economic policy and planning (general) --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Organization theory --- Production management --- Business management --- economische politiek --- management --- gezondheidseconomie --- informatietechnologie --- Management. --- Health economics. --- Economic policy. --- Innovation/Technology Management. --- Health Economics. --- Economic Policy. --- pharmaceutical industry --- competition --- restriction on competition --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medical care --- Medicine --- ограничување на конкуренцијата --- konkurencijos ribojimas --- ograničavanje tržišnoga natjecanja --- concurrentiebeperking --- omezování soutěže --- restrizzjoni tal-kompetizzjoni --- Wettbewerbsbeschränkung --- ograniczenia konkurencji --- restricción de la competencia --- konkurences ierobežojums --- restrizione alla concorrenza --- restricționarea concurenței --- omejevanje konkurence --- konkurrensbegränsning --- ограничавање конкуренције --- restriction à la concurrence --- ограничение на конкуренцията --- kilpailun rajoittaminen --- restrição de concorrência --- kufizim mbi konkurrencën --- περιορισμός του ανταγωνισμού --- konkurentsi piiramine --- obmedzenie hospodárskej súťaže --- konkurrencebegrænsning --- versenykorlátozás --- nekalé obchodní praktiky --- nem megengedett kereskedelmi gyakorlat --- practică comercială ilegală --- unerlaubter Wettbewerb --- discriminatory trading practice --- verfälschter Wettbewerb --- práctica comercial restrictiva --- konkurentsi kahjustamine --- νοθευμένος ανταγωνισμός --- concorrenza falsata --- restrizione alla libertà di concorrenza --- unlauterer Wettbewerb --- restrictieve handelspraktijk --- competencia imperfecta --- pratica commerciale restrittiva --- shtrembërim i konkurrencës --- concorrenza illecita --- pratica commerciale limitativa --- illegális kereskedelmi magatartás --- prática comercial restritiva --- pratica commerciale abusiva --- concurrentievervalsing --- denaturarea concurenței --- restrizione di concorrenza --- práctica comercial abusiva --- concorrenza imperfetta --- pratique commerciale discriminatoire --- diskriminacinė prekybos praktika --- illojal konkurrens --- nesąžininga konkurencija --- στρέβλωση του ανταγωνισμού --- tiltott versenymagatartás --- pratique commerciale abusive --- laittomat kaupankäyntitavat --- comportamento anticoncorrenziale --- αθέμιτος ανταγωνισμός --- oneerlijke concurrentie --- forvansket konkurrence --- konkurrenceforvridning --- καταχρηστική εμπορική πρακτική --- zkreslení soutěže --- práctica comercial discriminadora --- seadusevastane kaubandustegevus --- negodīga tirdzniecības prakse --- concorrência ilícita --- konkurentsi moonutamine --- ongeoorloofde concurrentie --- syrjivä kaupankäynti --- αθέμιτη εμπορική πρακτική --- falsa concorrência --- ebaaus konkurents --- illoyal konkurrence --- narušenie hospodárskej súťaže --- wettbewerbswidrige Praktiken --- práctica comercial desleal --- ατελής ανταγωνισμός --- concorrência imperfeita --- unfair trade practice --- distorsión de la competencia --- concurrence imparfaite --- distorsione della concorrenza --- prática comercial discriminatória --- practică comercială discriminatorie --- konkurencijos apribojimas --- jogellenes kereskedelmi gyakorlat --- konkurrencë e padrejtë --- ufuldkommen konkurrence --- konkurencijos iškreipimas --- concurență neloială --- onvolkomen concurrentie --- konkurences traucējumi --- nelojalna konkurencija --- illegal trade practice --- concurrence illicite --- nezákonné obchodní praktiky --- дискриминаторна деловна практика --- praktikë tregtare diskriminuese --- kõlvatu konkurents --- nekalá soutěž --- prática comercial abusiva --- diskriminējoša tirdzniecības prakse --- distorsione artificiale della concorrenza --- diszkriminatív kereskedelmi gyakorlat --- нарушена конкуренција --- nesąžininga prekybos praktika --- missbräuchliche Handelspraktiken --- discriminerende handelspraktijk --- ograničavanje konkurencije --- pratique commerciale déloyale --- uretmæssig konkurrence --- diskriminierende Handelspraktiken --- Wettbewerbsverzerrung --- competencia desleal --- distortion of competition --- a versenyhelyzet torzulása --- neteisėta prekybos praktika --- nelikumīga tirdzniecības prakse --- concorrência desleal --- verseny torzulása --- otillbörligt handelsbruk --- pratica commerciale sleale --- competencia ilícita --- prática comercial desleal --- megkülönböztető kereskedelmi gyakorlat --- onzuivere concurrentie --- konkurrenssnedvridning --- ebaõiglane kaubandustegevus --- εμπορική πρακτική που εισάγει διακρίσεις --- oneerlijke handelspraktijk --- wederrechtelijke handelspraktijk --- vilpilliset kaupankäyntitavat --- нарушување на конкуренцијата --- konkurrencemisbrug --- concorrenza distorta --- unfair competition --- practică comercială neloială --- otillåtna affärsmetoder --- praktikë e padrejtë e tregtisë --- konkurences ierobežošana --- nekalá súťaž --- vilpillinen kilpailu --- concurrence déloyale --- concorrenza sleale --- unvollkommene Konkurrenz --- fordrejet konkurrence --- nekalé obchodné postupy --- praktikë e paligjshme e tregtisë --- несовршена конкуренција --- imperfekt konkurrence --- negodīga konkurence --- distorção de concorrência --- περιοριστική εμπορική πρακτική --- restriktive Handelspraktiken --- diskrimineeriv kaubandustegevus --- competencia falseada --- unvollkommener Wettbewerb --- нечесна трговија --- diskriminační obchodní praktiky --- nezákonné obchodné postupy --- tisztességtelen kereskedelmi magatartás --- unlautere Handelspraktiken --- pratique commerciale restrictive --- distorsion de la concurrence --- kilpailun vääristyminen --- ofullständig konkurrens --- diskriminačný obchodný postup --- olovlig konkurrens --- pratica commerciale discriminatoria --- nepošteno tržišno natjecanje --- concurență --- ανταγωνισμός --- konkurencja --- Wettbewerb --- soutěž --- konkurencia --- конкуренция --- concurrentie --- tržišno natjecanje --- concorrência --- kilpailu --- kompetizzjoni --- iomaíocht --- competencia --- concurrence --- konkurrencë --- konkurenca --- konkurrence --- konkurents --- конкуренција --- konkurencija --- concorrenza --- konkurrens --- konkurence --- verseny --- principio della concorrenza --- condição de concorrência --- mededinging --- konkurrencevilkår --- concorrenza praticabile --- concorrenza effettiva --- posizione concorrenziale --- ефективна конкуренција --- condizioni di concorrenza --- начела на конкуренција --- услови на конкуренција --- конкурентска позиција --- medicinalindustri --- indústria farmacêutica --- farmacijos pramonė --- farmācijas rūpniecība --- farmaceutický průmysl --- фармацевтична промишленост --- läkemedelsindustri --- industria farmaceutica --- industri farmaceutike --- φαρμακοβιομηχανία --- pharmazeutische Industrie --- фармацевтска индустрија --- farmaceutska industrija --- lääketeollisuuus --- industria farmaceutică --- industrie pharmaceutique --- farmaceutische industrie --- farmaceutický priemysel --- industrija farmaċewtika --- farmaatsiatööstus --- farmacevtska industrija --- gyógyszeripar --- фармацеутска индустрија --- przemysł farmaceutyczny --- industria farmacéutica --- lääkkeiden valmistaminen --- фармацевтски производи --- ravimitööstus --- Pharmaindustrie --- farmaceutická produkce --- фармација --- βιομηχανία φαρμάκων --- lékárenský průmysl --- gyógyszergyártás --- pharmaceutical production --- farmaceutická výroba --- медикаменти --- produkce léků --- medicinalvareproduktion --- läkemedelsproduktion --- výroba léčiv --- Arzneimittelproduktion --- vaistų pramonė --- ravimite valmistamine --- лекови --- výroba léků --- farmaceutska proizvodnja --- farmācijas ražojumi --- prodhim farmaceutik --- farmaceutische productie --- produção farmacêutica --- production pharmaceutique --- producción farmacéutica --- výroba farmak --- produzione farmaceutica --- vaistų gamyba --- producție farmaceutică --- produkce farmak --- Economic aspects --- Industrial management. --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Management --- Business --- Industrial organization
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