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This study addresses the problems scrambling languages provide for the existing syntactic theories by analyzing the interaction of semantic and discourse functional factors with syntactic properties of word order in this type of languages, and by discussing the implications of this interaction for Universal Grammar. Three interrelated goals are carefully followed in this work. The first is to analyze the syntactic structure of Persian, a language which exhibits free word order. With this analysis, the author has accounted for the relative order of categorized expressions, the motivation for their possible rearrangements, and the grammatical results of those reorderings. In this respect, a broad range of major syntactic phenomena, including object shift, Case, Extended Projection Principle (EPP), binding, and scope interpretation of quantifiers, interrogative phrases, adverbial phrases, and negative elements are examined. This monograph is the first major theoretical work ever published on Persian, and therefore fills the existing gap by providing insight into the syntactic structure of this language. The second goal is to connect these insights to similar linguistic properties in languages in which scrambling occurs (e.g. German, Dutch, Hindi, Russian, Japanese, and Korean), and to provide a deeper understanding of this group of genetically diverse, but typologically related languages. The final and principal goal is to situate the results of this work within the framework of the Minimalist Program (MP). The investigations in this study indicate that scrambling is not an optional rule, and that certain principles of MP, such as the Minimal Link Condition, are only seemingly violated in these languages. Furthermore, it is shown that careful analysis of scrambling with respect to binding and scope relations, and a reanalysis of the properties of A and A' movements, cast some doubts on the relevance of a typology of movement in natural language.

Grammar --- Indo-European languages --- Persian language --- Farsi language --- Iranian languages --- Word order. --- Syntax.

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This book examines the theory and practice of justice in and of the city through a multi-disciplinary collaboration, which draws on a wide range of expertise. It will be a valuable resource for academic researchers and students across a range of disciplines including urban and environmental studies.

City and town life --- Social justice --- Municipal government --- Fairness --- 711.61 --- 711.558 --- 711.12 --- Stedenbouw ; theorie ; 21ste eeuw --- Stadsplanning --- Impartiality --- Conduct of life --- Justice --- Cities and towns --- City government --- Municipal administration --- Municipal reform --- Municipalities --- Urban politics --- Local government --- Metropolitan government --- Municipal corporations --- Equality --- City life --- Town life --- Urban life --- Sociology, Urban --- Stedenbouw. Ruimtelijke ordening ; pleinen, open ruimten --- Stedenbouw. Ruimtelijke ordening ; recreatieterreinen --- Stedenbouw. Ruimtelijke ordening ; planningtheorie ; methoden en technieken ; participatie --- Government --- Social justice. --- City and towns. --- Municipal government. --- Fairness.

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This brief studies the general problem of constructing digital chaotic systems in devices with finite precision from low-dimensional to high-dimensional settings, and establishes a general framework for composing them. The contributors demonstrate that the associated state networks of digital chaotic systems are strongly connected. They then further prove that digital chaotic systems satisfy Devaney’s definition of chaos on the domain of finite precision. The book presents Lyapunov exponents, as well as implementations to show the potential application of digital chaotic systems in the real world; the authors also discuss the basic advantages and practical benefits of this approach.  The authors explore the solutions to dynamic degradation (including short cycle length, decayed distribution and low linear complexity) by proposing novel modelling methods and hardware designs for two different one-dimensional chaotic systems, which satisfy Devaney’s definition of chaos. They then extend it to a higher-dimensional digital-domain chaotic system, which has been used in image-encryption technology. This ensures readers do not encounter large differences between actual and theoretical chaotic orbits through small errors.  Digital Chaotic Systems serves as an up-to-date reference on an important research topic for researchers and students in control science and engineering, computing, mathematics and other related fields of study.

System theory. --- Engineering. --- Vibration. --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamics. --- Electronic circuits. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control. --- Systems Theory, Control. --- Systems engineering. --- Systems theory. --- Cycles --- Mechanics --- Sound --- Engineering systems --- System engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial engineering --- System analysis --- Design and construction --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Science --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Physics --- Statics --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Philosophy

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This edited collection evaluates the relationship between Marxism and religion in two ways: Marxism’s treatment of religion and the religious aspects of Marxism. Its aim is to complicate the superficial understanding of Marxism as a simple rejection of religion both in theory and practice. Divided into two parts (Theory and Praxis), this book brings together the three different themes of Marxism, religion, and emancipation for the first time. The first part explores the more theoretical discussions regarding the relationship between Marxism and various themes (or currents) within religious thought, to highlight points of compatibility as well as incompatibilities/conflicts. The studies in the second part of the collection refer to how Marxist ideas are received in different parts of the world. They show that as soon as Marxism arrives in a new place, the theory interacts and bonds with a pre-existing stock of ideas, each changing the other reciprocally. Graeme Kirkpatrick is Professor of Social and Cultural Theory at the University of Manchester, UK. Peter McMylor is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester, UK. Simin Fadaee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Manchester, UK.

Communism and religion. --- Marxist criticism. --- Criticism, Marxist --- Marxian criticism --- Marxist literary criticism --- Communism and literature --- Communist aesthetics --- Criticism --- Religion and communism --- Religion --- Political science. --- Political sociology. --- Religion and sociology. --- Religion and politics. --- Political science --- Political Theory. --- Political Sociology. --- Sociology of Religion. --- Politics and Religion. --- Political Philosophy. --- Philosophy. --- Political philosophy --- Politics, Practical --- Politics and religion --- Religions --- Religion and society --- Religious sociology --- Society and religion --- Sociology, Religious --- Sociology and religion --- Sociology of religion --- Sociology --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Religious aspects --- Political aspects --- Sociological aspects

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From the Preface: This festschrift is devoted to recognize the career of a man who not only witnessed the growth of operations research from its inception, but also contributed significantly to this growth. Dr. Salah E. Elmaghraby received his doctorate degree from Cornell University in 1958, and since then, his scholarly contributions have enriched the fields of production planning and scheduling and project scheduling. This collection of papers is contributed in his honor by his students, colleagues, and acquaintances. It offers a tribute to the inspiration received from his work, and from his guidance and advice over the years, and recognizes the legacy of his many contributions. Dr. Elmaghraby is a pioneer in the area of project scheduling (in particular, project planning and control through network models, for which he coined the term ‘activity networks’.) In his initial work in this area, he developed an algebra based on signal flow graphs and semi-Markov processes for analyzing generalized activity networks involving activities with probabilistic durations. This work led to the development of what was later known as the Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT), and GERT simulation models. He has made fundamental contributions in determining criticality indices for activities, in developing methodologies for project compression and time/cost analysis, and in the use of stochastic and chance-constrained programming and Petri Nets for the analysis of activity networks. This volume brings together fourteen contributions, which can be viewed under the following three main themes: operations research and its application in production planning; project scheduling, and production scheduling, inspired by, and in many cases based on, Dr. Elmaghraby’s work in these areas. The first five chapters are devoted to the first theme, followed by four chapters each devoted to the other two, respectively. An additional chapter is devoted to the vulnerability of multimodal freight systems.

Economics. --- Operations research. --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Business. --- Production management. --- Decision making. --- Management science. --- Business and Management. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Operations Management. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Manufacturing management --- Industrial management --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Decision making