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This paper recommends a system of upstream taxes on fossil fuels, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel taxes should also account for congestion and other externalities associated with vehicle use, at least until mileage-based taxes are widely introduced. An examination of existing energy/environmental tax systems in Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and Vietnam suggests that there is substantial scope for policy reform. This includes harmonizing taxes for pollution content across different fuels and end-users, better aligning tax rates with values for externalities, and scaling back taxes on vehicle ownership and electricity use that are redundant (on environmental grounds) in the presence of more targeted taxes.

Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Sciences --- Environmental policy. --- Taxation --- Reform. --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Government policy --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental impact charges --- E-books --- Eco-taxes --- Ecological taxes --- Ecotaxes --- Effluent charges --- Environmental exploitation charges --- Environmental impact fees --- Environmental taxes --- Green taxes --- Pollution charges --- User charges --- Public Finance --- Industries: Energy --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Energy: Government Policy --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Environmental Economics: General --- Hydrocarbon Resources --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Excise taxes --- Environmental economics --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Fuel tax --- Environment --- Natural gas sector --- Public expenditure review --- Economic sectors --- Expenditure --- Motor fuels;Taxation --- Environmental sciences --- Gas industry --- Expenditures, Public --- Vietnam

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Efforts to control atmospheric accumulations of greenhouse gases that threaten to heat up the planet are in their infancy. Although the IMF is not an environmental organization, environmental issues matter for its mission when they have major implications for macroeconomic performance and fiscal policy. Climate change clearly passes both these tests.

Climatic changes --- Greenhouse gas mitigation --- Carbon dioxide mitigation --- Carbon taxes --- Carbon dioxide --- Emissions trading --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Taxation --- Carbon taxes. --- Emissions trading. --- Government policy. --- Economic aspects. --- Air --- Emissions credit trading --- Emissions rights trading --- Marketable permits for carbon dioxide emissions --- Tradeable emission permits --- Trading emissions credits --- Carbon tax --- Atmospheric carbon dioxide mitigation --- Carbon dioxide capture --- Mitigation of carbon dioxide --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution --- Environmental policy --- Carbon offsetting --- Environmental impact charges --- Pollution prevention --- E-books --- Carbonic acid gas --- Carbonic anhydride --- Carbon compounds --- Oxides --- 336.227 --- 355 --- AA / International- internationaal --- milieubelasting, milieuheffing --- Milieu --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Environmental Economics: General --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Public finance & taxation --- Climate change --- Environmental economics --- Technology --- general issues --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Personal income --- Taxes --- Environment --- National accounts --- Greenhouse gases --- United States --- General issues

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Reducing carbon emissions is the most complex political and economic problem humanity has ever confronted. Coping with the Climate Crisis brings together leading experts from academia and policy circles to explore issues related to the implementation of the COP21 Paris Agreement and the challenges of accelerating the transition toward sustainable development.The book synthesizes the key insights that emerge from the latest research in climate-change economics in an accessible and useful guide for policy makers and researchers. Contributors consider a wide range of issues, including the economic implications and realities of shifting away from fossil fuels, the role of financial markets in incentivizing development and construction of sustainable infrastructure, the challenges of evaluating the well-being of future generations, the risk associated with uncertainty surrounding the pace of climate change, and how to make climate agreements enforceable. They demonstrate the need for a carbon tax, considering the issues of efficiently pricing carbon as well as the role of supply-side policies on fossil fuels. Through a range of perspectives from academic economists and practitioners in the public and private sectors who work either at the country level or under the auspices of multilateral organizations, Coping with the Climate Crisis outlines what it will take to achieve a viable, global climate-stabilization path.

Climate change mitigation --- Climate mitigation --- Climatic changes --- Climatic mitigation --- Mitigation of climate change --- Environmental protection --- Economic aspects. --- Mitigation