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As Jeffrey shows, the pacemaker (first implanted in 1958) and the ICD (1980) embody a paradox of high-tech health care: these technologies are effective and reliable but add billions to the nation's medical bill because of the huge growth in the number of patients who depend on implanted devices to manage their heartbeats.

Cardiac pacing --- Artificial cardiac pacing --- Cardiac pacing, Artificial --- Heart pacing --- Pacing, Cardiac --- Arrhythmia --- Electric stimulation --- History. --- Treatment