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The starting point for this issue of Skriftkultur is the 150th anniversary of Ivar Aasen's launch of a national language, which at the time lacked freedom of choice in form and conjugation, but has since developed, for specific historical reasons, into today's Nynorsk, characterized by great freedom of choice compared to the vast majority of other official written languages in the world. Constant changes to the language's orthography throughout the 20th century led to both resistance to and difficulties in implementing the reforms. Publishers and newspapers created their own house rules, and a number of studies have shown that students at all levels and even teachers have had difficulty keeping track of what is correct in Nynorsk at any given time. Likewise, students probably have greater exposure to Bokmål than Nynorsk, even in the core area for Nynorsk in Western Norway, which can create challenges for Nynorsk users. In the six scholarly articles, the authors discuss the challenges and opportunities linked to the use of, exposure to and instruction in written Nynorsk. The articles include questions related to the use of house styles in Nynorsk organisations, deviations from standard Nynorsk orthography in student texts, and exposure to and instruction in Nynorsk in educational settings. In a broader perspective, the question of Nynorsk's continuing evolution also concerns the place and functions the language fills, that is to say, the kinds of social practices that are at the foundation of Nynorsk. This publication will be relevant for students, researchers and others who are interested in written Nynorsk practices.

Philosophy of language. --- Psycholinguistics.

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The link between language and thought formed a major new exploration of twentieth-century philosophy. Languages nuance our ideas and perceptions. Though from various angles, Heidegger, Derrida, Wittgenstein forged new ways of understanding the relationship between our views of the external world and our culturally and linguistically pre-determined modes of expression.Another giant in this field of exploration is the Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica (1909–1987), who has so far remained generally unknown to the Western World because of the Iron Curtain. The Romanian Sentiment of Being (Sentimentul românesc al ființei), first published in Romanian in 1978, is a philosophical work at the intersection of metaphysics and philosophy of language. The title of this book may be deceptive. “Romanian” does not mean ethnically circumscribed; it does not limit ontology to nationality but rather reflects on how language can carry ontological thought.The Romanian Sentiment of Being invites the readers to meditate on the fundamental theme of being and how it is expressed in a culture in time. This being in time marks the tension between moment and eternity, captured in the fairytale ""Ageless Youth and Deathless Life"" (""Tinerețe fără batrânețe și viață fără de moarte""), which Noica interprets in detail. The translation of the story will be found in the appendix. Noica also analyzes one of the most famous poems in Romanian, Mihai Eminescu’s ""The Evening Star"" (""Luceafărul""), and readers will find its translation in the appendix.

metaphysics;Mihai Eminescu;philosophy of language;Romance languages;Romanian Studies

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Die Schwierigkeit einer dialektischen Bestimmung der Reflexion gründet in dem Umstand, dass wir es mit einem Strukturbegriff des menschlichen Selbstverhältnisses, mit dem Ganzen des In-der-Welt-Seins zu tun haben und keineswegs mit einer transzendentalphilosophischen Begründung des Wissens. Daher übergreift der Reflexionsbegriff die menschliche Realität und wird zu einem Grundbegriff der Philosophie und die Philosophie zu einem Modell der Realität. Über die Problemstellungen bei Kleist, Kant, Fichte und Hölderlin wird der Leser zu Hegels Reflexionsbegriff geführt. Von ihm aus ist es möglich, zu einem objektiv-transzendentalen Reflexionsbegriff zu gelangen, der unter Berücksichtigung der Überlegungen von Goethe, Heidegger und Plessner schließlich im Reflexionsmodell von Hans Heinz Holz mündet: Reflexion ist Widerspiegelung.

Philosophy --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Philosophy. --- Reflexion; Sprache; Sprachphilosophie; Erkenntnistheorie; Philosophie; Language; Philosophy of Language; Epistemology; Philosophy

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Das 20. Jahrhundert war durch eine radikale Rückbesinnung auf die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Sprache gekennzeichnet. Der neuzeitliche Traum einer restlosen Benennung des Weltganzen wird fraglich, wenn ihr Medium - die propositionale Aussagelogik - unter Verdacht gerät. Der Band wirft die brisante Frage auf, ob der für das Jahrhundert prägende linguistic turn nicht so sehr in einer Hinwendung, als vielmehr in einer »Abwendung« vom Sagen besteht, die sich in der Entsagungsgeste von Melvilles Bartleby emblematisch verkörpert. Einzelanalysen zu literarischen Strategien bei Mallarmé, Wittgenstein, Celan, Foucault, Adorno, Derrida, Lévinas u.a.m. führen vor, wie Unterlassen nicht nur ein kritisches, sondern auch stets ein schöpferisches Moment in sich birgt. Mit Beiträgen von Giorgio Agamben, Jean Clam, Rüdiger Zill u.v.a.m. »In der Zusammenschau ergeben die Texte ein komplexes Bild, das der tatsächlichen Pluralität von Krisen und Umgangsweisen entspricht.« Christian Grüny, Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie, 3 (2009) Besprochen in: Monatshefte, 102/4 (2010), Stefan Greif IASL online, 26.01.2009, Felix Christen www.kritikon.de, 18.02.2009, Jan Müller

Philosophy --- History of Philosophy. --- Literature. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Philosophy. --- Sprache; Philosophie; Literatur; Schweigen; Passivität; Sprachphilosophie; Philosophiegeschichte; Language; Philosophy; Literature; Philosophy of Language; History of Philosophy

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Can humans and artificial intelligences share concepts and communicate? This book shows that philosophical work on the metaphysics of meaning can help answer these questions. Herman Cappelen and Josh Dever use the externalist tradition in philosophy to create models of how AIs and humans can understand each other. In doing so, they illustrate ways in which that philosophical tradition can be improved. The questions addressed in the book are not only theoretically interesting, but the answers have pressing practical implications.

Artificial intelligence --- Philosophy. --- artificial intelligence, philosophy of language, communication, deep learning, AI