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“Logic”, as understood in this volume, is the set of knowledge at the basis of man’s reasoning faculties: understanding, analysing, arguing. The text presents a review of topics which are useful to strengthen the skills related to reasoning faculties through a brief introduction to the theoretical aspects and exercises intended to assess the understanding. The volume is divided into parts, which are organised in teaching units. The parts and units are presented in such a way that, following the thread in the order in which they are proposed, we move from one topic to the next, acquiring the prerequisites necessary for to what comes after. The text therefore lends itself to a “systematic” use, aimed at an extensive study. However, nothing prevents the reader from adapting the material to other needs, choosing only a few topics that they consider useful to integrate their knowledge, to do a “review” or to further practice on already known topics.
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This book collects notes that were prepared for a university course taught in the Spring of 2018, and delivered to an audience of students enrolled in the Master course in Logic, philosophy and history of science of the University of Florence. The goal of the course was to introduce students to some basic concepts from the area of research generally known as decision theory. This is done by focussing on the concept of ‘rational choice’, which is analyzed, methodologically speaking, by the means of the theory of games. To minimize prerequisites it was decided to restrict the attention to the theory of finite games in particular. The topics treated are vary, and belongs to both the theory of games ‘in normal form’ as well as that of games ‘in extensive form’, as they are usually referred to. The classical issues in both fields, such as the theory of ‘equilibria’ and the study of properties such as determinacy, are carefully discussed to make them clear to beginners and are addressed from a novel perspective which makes use of formal methods that are typical of researches connected with the study of logic.
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Logic --- Philosophy
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The article aims at defining the semantics of Church Slavonic мудрость as it emerges from medieval and pre-modern Eastern Slavic sources (from 12th to 18th c.). Occurrences were verified in the historical sub-section of the Russian National Corpus. Elaboration of the collected data is directed at delineating the range of meanings of the term and evaluating its possible semantic variations. For the multilingual lexicon of religious and philosophical-theological words, the results of the inquiry are so disparate as to favor a return to the individual sources over meanings derived from dictionaries.
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Logic --- Reasoning --- Logic. --- Reasoning. --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Methodology
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Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- -Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Congresses --- Conferences - Meetings --- -Congresses
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This volume is the first ever collection devoted to the field of proof-theoretic semantics. Contributions address topics including the systematics of introduction and elimination rules and proofs of normalization, the categorial characterization of deductions, the relation between Heyting's and Gentzen's approaches to meaning, knowability paradoxes, proof-theoretic foundations of set theory, Dummett's justification of logical laws, Kreisel's theory of constructions, paradoxical reasoning, and the defence of model theory. The field of proof-theoretic semantics has existed for almost 50 years, but the term itself was proposed by Schroeder-Heister in the 1980s. Proof-theoretic semantics explains the meaning of linguistic expressions in general and of logical constants in particular in terms of the notion of proof. This volume emerges from presentations at the Second International Conference on Proof-Theoretic Semantics in Tübingen in 2013, where contributing authors were asked to provide a self-contained description and analysis of a significant research question in this area. The contributions are representative of the field and should be of interest to logicians, philosophers, and mathematicians alike.
Logic --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy. --- Logic. --- Mathematical logic. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Methodology --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Computer science. --- Informatics --- Proof theory --- Semantics - Mathematical models --- Logic, symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics
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