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Kvensk grammatikk is a comprehensive presentation of the structure of the Kven language, a Baltic-Finnic minority language in Norway. The grammar has been reviewed and approved by Kvensk språkting, the decision-making body for the school norm of Kven. The book was first published in Kven, and Kvensk grammatikk is a somewhat revised version, translated into Norwegian. The book describes the sound system and orthography in Kven. It contains a detailed syntactic-semantic analysis of adposition usage and of the conjunction and subjunction system in the language, and describes the adverb types found in Kven based on their semantic function. The pronouns system as well is thoroughly described in the grammar. The syntax part is based on an ontological-semantic analysis of the verbs. The basic idea is that the verbs of the same ontological-semantic category have the same valency structure; that is, the actual semantic relationships are reflected in the sentence structure. The result is a description of frequent sentence types in the language, what kind of complements they take, and what case the complements have. The morphology part takes care of nominal and verbal inflection, and all of the inflectional categories are described in detail. Their usage is illustrated with example sentences. All linguistic phenomena treated in this grammar are richly illustrated with examples. For some linguistic phenomena, two or three different dialectal variants may occur. The grammar takes into account this dialectic variation in Kven.
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Every region of India is and has been multilingual, with speakers of different languages and speakers of multiple languages. But literary 'multilingual locals' are often more fragmented than we think. While multilingualism suggests interest, and proficiency, in more than one literary language and tradition, very real barriers exist in terms of written vs. oral access, mutual interaction, and social and cultural hierarchies and exclusions. What does it mean to take multilingualism seriously when studying literature? One way, this essay suggests, is to consider works on a similar topic or milieu written in the different languages and compare both their literary sensibilities and their social imaginings. Rural Awadh offers an excellent example, as the site of many intersecting processes and discourses-of shared Hindu-Muslim sociality and culture and Muslim separatism, of nostalgia for a sophisticated culture and critique of zamindari exploitation and socio-economic backwardness, as the home of Urdu and of rustic Awadhi. This essay analyses three novels written at different times about rural Awadh-one set before 1947 and the others in the wake of the Zamindari Abolition Act of 1950 and the migration of so many Muslim zamindars from Awadh, either to Pakistan or to Indian cities. The first is Qazi Abdul Sattar's Urdu novel Shab gazida (1962), the other two are Shivaprasad Singh's Alag alag vaitarani (1970) and the Awadh subplot in Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy (1993). Without making them representatives of their respective languages, by comparing these three novels I am interested in exploring how they frame and what they select of Awadh culture, how much ground and sensibility they share, and how they fit within broader traditions of 'village writing' in Hindi, Urdu, and Indian English.
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The aim of this paper is to compare the superlexical prefixes of Russian and Bulgarian. The main focus is on delimitative and attenuative po- in derived PF forms as well as in secondary IPF verbs. Using the Russian-Bulgarian parallel corpus, I show that there is a functional parallelism between PF and IPF delimitatives in Russian and Bulgarian. The semantic similarity between delimitative and attenuative meaning is the basis for expressing special pragmatic functions by means of both PF and IPF poattenuatives in Bulgarian, while attenuative po-verbs in Russian express specific pragmatic meanings primarily via PF forms.
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Sanzhi Dargwa belongs to the Dargwa (Dargi) languages (ISO dar; Glottocode sanz1248) which form a subgroup of the East Caucasian (Nakh-Dagestanian) language family. Sanzhi Dargwa is spoken by approximately 250 speakers and is severely endangered. This book is the first comprehensive descriptive grammar of Sanzhi, written from a typological perspective. It treats all major levels of grammar (phonology, morphology, syntax) and also information structure. Sanzhi Dargwa is structurally similar to other East Caucasian languages, in particular Dargwa languages. It has a relatively large consonant inventory including pharyngeal and ejective consonants. Sanzhi morphology is concatenative and mainly suffixing. The language exhibits a mixture of dependent-marking in the form of a rich case inventory and head-marking in the form of verbal agreement. Nouns are divided into three genders. Verbal inflection conflates tense/aspect/mood/evidentiality in a rich array of synthetic and analytic verb forms as well as participles, converbs, a masdar (verbal noun), and infinitive and some other forms used in analytic tenses and subordinate clauses. Salient traits of the grammar are two independently operating agreement systems: gender/number agreement and person agreement. Within the nominal domain, modifiers agree with the head nominal in gender/number. Agreement within the clausal domain is mainly controlled by the argument in the absolutive case. Person agreement operates only at the clausal level and according to the person hierarchy 1, 2 > 3. Sanzhi has ergative alignment in the form of gender/number agreement and ergative case marking. The most frequent word order at the clause level is SOV, though all other logically possible word orders are also attested. In subordinate clauses, word order is almost exclusively head-final.
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The present volume seeks to contribute some studies to the subfield of Empirical Translation Studies and thus aid in extending its reach within the field of translation studies and thus in making our discipline more rigorous and fostering a reproducible research culture. The Translation in Transition conference series, across its editions in Copenhagen (2013), Germersheim (2015) and Ghent (2017), has been a major meeting point for scholars working with these aims in mind, and the conference in Barcelona (2019) has continued this tradition of expanding the sub-field of empirical translation studies to other paradigms within translation studies. This book is a collection of selected papers presented at that fourth Translation in Transition conference, held at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona on 19-20 September 2019.
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Semantic change - how the meanings of words change over time - has preoccupied scholars since well before modern linguistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century, ushering in a new methodological turn in the study of language change. Compared to changes in sound and grammar, semantic change is the least understood. Ever since, the study of semantic change has progressed steadily, accumulating a vast store of knowledge for over a century, encompassing many languages and language families. Historical linguists also early on realized the potential of computers as research tools, with papers at the very first international conferences in computational linguistics in the 1960s. Such computational studies still tended to be small-scale, method-oriented, and qualitative. However, recent years have witnessed a sea-change in this regard. Big-data empirical quantitative investigations are now coming to the forefront, enabled by enormous advances in storage capability and processing power. Diachronic corpora have grown beyond imagination, defying exploration by traditional manual qualitative methods, and language technology has become increasingly data-driven and semantics-oriented. These developments present a golden opportunity for the empirical study of semantic change over both long and short time spans.
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Die historische Formenlehre der serbokroatischen Sprache von. Đ. Daničić ist bis zum heutigen Tage ein unentbehrliches Nachschlagewerk für den in der Südslavistik interessierten Forscher und Studenten geblieben. Umfang und Differenzierung des Materials sind durch andere Arbeiten nicht so überholt worden, daß man ohne weiteres auf dieses fundamentale Werk verzichten könnte; dieses gilt auch für A. Belić, Istorija srpskohrvatskog jezika II, 1-2, Beograd 1965. Andere Standardwerke wiederum zeigen eine andere Ausrichtung und Intention, so etwa I. Popović, Geschichte der serbokroatischen Sprache, Wiesbaden 1960. Geschichte der Form der serbischen oder kroatischen Sprache bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts.
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Law --- English language --- Language and culture --- Language.
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