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It is well known that corrosion products, i.e. rust, on iron and steel surfaces cannot be assigned a typical crystallographic structure with long-range order. In fact, the structure of rust is considered to be very complicated, and some forms of rust are assigned to the amorphous state for this reason. Accurate information about the atomic-scale structure of rust is important to shed light on corrosion mechanisms of metallic materials. And, since life of steel structures is often dominated by environmental degradation or corrosion of the surface, the structure of the rust formed on iron and steel surfaces during prolonged exposure to air is of great interest. This book describes the fundamental aspects of materials characterization for the ferric oxyhydroxides formed on steel surfaces. Selected examples, from both the basic science and the applied engineering points of view, are presented. Of special interest is the new structural information on ferric oxyhydroxides containing a small amount of alloying elements. The text relates this to their various states and their role in corrosion processes. This monograph will serve as a valuable guide and source of information for specialists and non-specialists alike.

Steel --- Corrosion and anti-corrosives. --- Corrosion. --- Anti-corrosive paint --- Atmospheric corrosion --- Metal corrosion --- Metals --- Rust --- Rustless coatings --- Chemical inhibitors --- Chemistry, Technical --- Fouling --- Materials --- Weathering --- Paint --- Protective coatings --- Waterproofing --- Corrosion --- Deterioration --- Surfaces --- Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Metals. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy

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The development of cost-effective techniques to produce metal parts with integrated cellular structure is the newly developed process of integral foam molding. This book shows in three parts the technology, the fundamentals and the simulation models for the Integral Foam Molding of Light Metals Part I: “Technology” shows for the first time that foaming of metals is possible by applying molding techniques very similar to polymer integral foam molding. It introduces and discusses in detail a low pressure and a high pressure process of foam molding. Part II: “Physics” is devoted to the physics of foaming with special emphasis on the very short time scale which is characteristic for integral foam molding. Although very complex in detail, foam formation is shown to underlie simple evolution laws determined by the way how foam stabilization is realized. Part III: “Numerical Simulation” presents a new lattice Boltzmann approach for the treatment of free surfaces is developed and applied on foam evolution problems. For the first time, the numerical simulation of foam evolution starting from nucleation until decay is accessible. The interplay between hydrodynamics, capillary forces, gravity and bubble coalescence processes leads to complex phenomena such as topological rearrangements, avalanches, drainage, etc. without further model assumptions.

Light metals. --- Molding (Chemical technology) --- Casting (Chemical technology) --- Chemical engineering --- Metals --- Materials. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Structural Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Structural materials. --- Metals. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Architectural materials --- Architecture --- Building --- Building supplies --- Buildings --- Construction materials --- Structural materials

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This open access book presents a collection of the most up-to-date research results in the field of steel development with a focus on pioneering alloy concepts that result in previously unattainable materials properties. Specifically, it gives a detailed overview of the marriage of high-performance steels of the highest strength and form-ability with damage-tolerant zirconia ceramics by innovative manufacturing technologies, thereby yielding a new class of high-performance composite materials. This book describes how new high-alloy stainless TRIP/TWIP steels (TRIP: TRansformation-Induced Plasticity, TWIP: TWinning-induced Plasticity) are combined with zirconium dioxide ceramics in powder metallurgical routes and via melt infiltration to form novel TRIP-matrix composites. This work also provides a timely perspective on new compact and damage-tolerant composite materials, filigree light-weight structures as well as gradient materials, and a close understanding of the mechanisms of the phase transformations. With a detailed application analysis of state-of-the-art methods in spatial and temporal high-resolution structural analysis, in combination with advanced simulation and modelling, this edited volume is ideal for researchers and engineers working in modern steel development, as well as for graduate students of metallurgy and materials science and engineering.

Structural materials. --- Metals. --- Ceramics. --- Glass. --- Composites (Materials). --- Composite materials. --- Engineering—Materials. --- Mathematical models. --- Structural Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials. --- Materials Engineering. --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics. --- Models, Mathematical --- Simulation methods --- Composites (Materials) --- Multiphase materials --- Reinforced solids --- Solids, Reinforced --- Two phase materials --- Materials --- Amorphous substances --- Ceramics --- Glazing --- Ceramic technology --- Industrial ceramics --- Keramics --- Building materials --- Chemistry, Technical --- Clay --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Architectural materials --- Architecture --- Building --- Building supplies --- Buildings --- Construction materials --- Structural materials --- Structural Materials --- Metallic Materials --- Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials --- Materials Engineering --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics --- Metals and Alloys --- Steel-Matrix Composite --- Austenitic Stainless Steels --- Powder Metallurgy --- Fracture Toughness --- Mechanical Modeling --- Melt Flow Behavior --- CrMnNi Steels --- Ceramic Casting --- Melt Infiltration --- Open Access --- Materials science --- Structural engineering --- Metals technology / metallurgy --- Industrial chemistry & chemical engineering --- Mathematical modelling --- Maths for engineers

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Biomining is the biotechnology that uses microorganisms to recover metals, in particular copper and gold, from ores and concentrates. Having developed from a very simple operational (in terms of both engineering and biology) process, biomining has developed into a multifaceted technology, to the extent that many of the largest industrial stirred tanks and heaps throughout the world are employed for bioprocessing minerals. This book has a strong applied approach and describes emerging and established industrial processes, as well as the underlying theory of the process, and the biology of the microorganisms involved. Chapters have been written by personnel from leading biomining companies, consultants and internationally recognized researchers and academics.

Minerals --- Biotechnology. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Biomining --- Mineral bioprocessing --- Mineral biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Metallurgy --- Mining engineering --- Microbiology. --- Materials. --- Microbial ecology. --- Geochemistry. --- Metallic Materials. --- Microbial Ecology. --- Biogeosciences. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Microbiology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Materials --- Metals. --- Geobiology. --- Biosphere --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores

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This book is composed of ten chapters. Based on systematic description of research achievements of the project of ultra-fine grain steels and their engineering applications, new theories of microstructural refinement and the newly developed technologies in production of high strength and high toughness steels are introduced. The book features the integration of materials science with engineering technology. In the scope of theories of the strengthening and toughening of ultra-fine grain steels, the theory of deformation induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) for ferrite-pearlite steels has been put forward. The phenomenon of ultra-fine grain refinement effect by the existing precipitates of nanometer size in the steel produced by using thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) has been discovered and analyzed. The theory of deformation induced precipitation and medium temperature phase transformation control for bainitic steels has been proposed. The theory of resistance against delayed fracturing of high strength and high toughness alloy structural steels has been established. In the aspect of production technologies, some production technologies for obtaining ultra-fine grains and high strength high toughness of steels are introduced. The chemical metallurgy, solidification technique, and welding technique etc. for ultra-fine grain steels are introduced. In the aspect of engineering applications of ultra-fine grain high strength and high toughness steels, all the trial applications and commercial applications in the areas of civil constructions, automobile manufacturing and engineering machinery etc. are described. The book provides theoretical concepts and engineering application technologies for the research, production, and application of ultra-fine grain steels.

Iron -- Metallurgy. --- Iron alloys. --- Iron. --- Steel -- Metallurgy. --- Steel alloys. --- Steel. --- Materials Science --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Iron --- Steel --- Metallurgy. --- Siderurgy --- Ferroalloys --- Ferrous alloys --- Materials science. --- Structural materials. --- Metals. --- Materials Science. --- Materials Science, general. --- Structural Materials. --- Metallic Materials. --- Alloys --- Materials. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Architectural materials --- Architecture --- Building --- Building supplies --- Buildings --- Construction materials --- Structural materials --- Material science --- Physical sciences