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Ecology --- Ecologie --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Ecology. --- China. --- Science --- Environmental Sciences --- General and Others --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- China --- Chine --- Chinese National Government --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Chung-kuo --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhongguó --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kinë --- Kitad --- Kitaĭ --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Kitajska --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R. China --- People's Republic of China --- PR China --- Republic --- Republic of China --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- Sin --- VR China --- VRChina --- Zhong guo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- 1949 --- -Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Chung-kuo min chêng fu --- -BNKhAU --- P.R.C. --- PRC

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Biology --- Periodicals. --- Biology. --- China. --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- China --- Chine --- Chinese National Government --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Chung-kuo --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhongguó --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kinë --- Kitad --- Kitaĭ --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Kitajska --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R. China --- People's Republic of China --- PR China --- Republic --- Republic of China --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- Sin --- VR China --- VRChina --- Zhong guo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- 1949 --- -Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Chung-kuo min chêng fu --- -BNKhAU --- P.R.C. --- PRC

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The office of governor general (tsung-tu) was the highest provincial post throughout the Ch'ing dynasty. As such, it was a vital link in the control of a vast empire by a very small and alien ruling elite. This is primarily a biographical and statistical analysis of the incumbents of that office. By analyzing the biographical data of those who held the position of governor-general, much may be learned about the nature of the office itself. However, the main objective of the study is to provide information on career patterns, that is, the variety of different posts held from the first official appointment to that of governor-general, of an important cross section of successful Ch'ing bureaucrats. By plotting and analyzing the different patterns their official careers took, we should be able to determine what kind of men reached the top of China's provincial and national administration during the final centuries of China's imperial history; the qualifications that were required; the factors which prompted rapid promotion or sudden disgrace. We should also be able to determine the extent to which these and other factors varied markedly among Manchu, Mongol, Chinese Bannerman, and Han incumbents and whether changes throughout the dynasty can be detected in policies concerning the office or in the career patterns of its personnel. If such detection is possible, this study may lend support to the view that late imperial China was not static, but a society undergoing significant changes.

Governors --- History. --- Biography. --- China --- Chine --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Kings and rulers --- Public officers --- Biography --- History --- Geschichte (1644-1912) --- Statthalter --- Tjʹing-dynastie. --- Ambtenaren. --- Governors. --- China. --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- )

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Earth Sciences --- Geology --- Seismology --- Earthquakes --- Earthquake prediction --- Earthquake prediction. --- Earthquakes. --- Seismology. --- China. --- Quakes (Earthquakes) --- Prediction, Earthquake --- Seismography --- Forecasting --- Prediction --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- China --- Chine --- Chinese National Government --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Chung-kuo --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhongguó --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kinë --- Kitad --- Kitaĭ --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Kitajska --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R. China --- People's Republic of China --- PR China --- Republic --- Republic of China --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- Sin --- VR China --- VRChina --- Zhong guo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Geophysics/Geodesy --- Earth movements --- Natural disasters --- Geophysical prediction --- Geophysics --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- 1949 --- -Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Chung-kuo min chêng fu --- aardbevingen --- -BNKhAU --- P.R.C. --- PRC

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Mass communications --- China --- Communication --- Mass media --- Research --- Research. --- China. --- Communications research --- Mass communication --- Media, Mass --- Media, The --- Communication, Primitive --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chine --- Chinese National Government --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Chung-kuo --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhongguó --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kinë --- Kitad --- Kitaĭ --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Kitajska --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R. China --- People's Republic of China --- PR China --- Republic --- Republic of China --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- Sin --- VR China --- VRChina --- Zhong guo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- global communication --- China --- international media --- Chinese media --- social sciences --- Sociology --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- 1949 --- -Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Chung-kuo min chêng fu --- china --- chinese media --- -BNKhAU --- P.R.C. --- PRC