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Deforestation and forest degradation have continued over a long period of time, and the deterioration of forest environment management services is becoming one of the biggest concerns in the world. Especially in large continental river basins, sel? sh political attitudes and individual interests in some regions predispose other regions to problems downstream and bring about international issues. The Mekong is just such a river basin and its water is the most important resource, interdependent with the forest conditions in the region. The lives of millions of people are sustained by the water of the Mekong River, and mutual understanding on water resource mana- ment is essential in this region. Consequently, appropriate environment management to control water resources is required of each country along with scienti? c knowledge of forest management, including forest hydrology. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) was established in 1995 to jointly manage shared water resources and develop the economic potential of the river by the gove- ments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. However, very limited operational forest management for water resources is being conducted based on reliable sources of information. International cooperation in science and technology has progressed in Southeast Asia. One such activity, the research project “Changes of Water Cycle in the Mekong River Basin” (CWCM), has been conducted by the Forestry Administration (FA) of Cambodia, the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) of Japan, and several universities, since 2002.

Forests and forestry --- Forest hydrology --- Forest management --- Forest ecology --- Research --- Ecology --- Forest administration --- Forest plants --- Forest resource administration --- Forest resource management --- Forest stewardship --- Forest vegetation management --- Forestry management --- Stewardship, Forest --- Vegetation management, Forest --- Ecosystem management --- Natural resources --- Hydrology, Forest --- Hydrology --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Management --- Administration --- Control --- Forests and forestry. --- Aquatic biology. --- Plant Ecology. --- Forestry. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Botany --- Plants --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Aquatic ecology . --- Plant ecology. --- Aquatic biology --- Floristic ecology

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Polarity (positive, negative) is one of the most fundamental concepts in the system of language and there are many expressions that are sensitive to polarity. For example, any in English and wh-mo in Japanese appear in negative contexts, but not in positive contexts. While previous studies have shown that polarity-sensitive expressions are a general phenomenon in languages, it has also become clear that there are variations in polarity-sensitive expressions. This volume explores the variations in polarity-sensitive expressions through comparisons between Japanese and other languages, such as English, German, Spanish, and Old Japanese, and examines the environments and contexts in which polarity-sensitive expressions occur, as well as the types of (cross-linguistic) variation allowed. The value of the present volume lies in its inclusion of research papers inquiring into various types of polarity-sensitive expressions, such as negative-, positive-, and discourse-sensitive polarity items as well as their variations. The research indicates new directions for the study of polarity-sensitive expressions in the fields of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, historical linguistics, corpus linguistics and psycholinguistics.

LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General. --- Cross-Linguistic Variation. --- Japanese. --- Polarity-Sensitive Expressions. --- Polarity. --- Language arts. --- Comparative linguistics --- English language --- German language --- Japanese language