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Transabdominal ultrasound has become accepted in clinical practice as a primary imaging procedure in the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the use of ultrasound in the imaging of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract as well as of neoplastic and infectious diseases. The specific ultrasound features of gastrointestinal disorders are explained, and the value and limits of ultrasound are discussed. Each chapter provides a description of the findings obtained with ultrasound imaging, with inclusion of alternative diagnostic imaging methods for comparative purposes. Specific technical developments and applications of ultrasound relevant to studies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as functional and 3D ultrasound, contrast agents and operative ultrasound, are also discussed. All authors are considered authorities in their specific fields, and the book includes many high-quality illustrations and the most up-to-date information.

Gastrointestinal system --- Digestive organs --- Ultrasonic imaging. --- Alimentary system --- Digestive system --- Organs (Anatomy) --- Gastro-intestinal system --- Gastrointestinal tract --- GI tract --- Tract, Gastrointestinal --- Tract, GI --- Alimentary canal --- Radiology, Medical. --- Diagnosis, Ultrasonic. --- Gastroenterology. --- Surgery. --- Internal medicine. --- Imaging / Radiology. --- Diagnostic Radiology. --- Ultrasound. --- Internal Medicine. --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Surgery, Primitive --- Internal medicine --- Diagnosis, Ultrasonic --- Diagnostic sonography --- Diagnostic ultrasonics --- Diagnostic ultrasonography --- Diagnostic ultrasound --- Medical diagnostic ultrasonic imaging --- Medical ultrasonography --- Ultrasonic diagnosis --- Ultrasonic diagnostic imaging --- Ultrasonic imaging --- Ultrasonic waves --- Diagnostic imaging --- Ultrasonics in medicine --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Diseases --- Diagnostic use --- Radiology. --- Gastroenterology . --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation

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With increased commitment from the international community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors in accordance with the Paris Agreement, the water sector has never felt the pressure it is now under to transition to a low-carbon water management model. This requires reducing GHG emissions from grid-energy consumption (Scope 2 emissions), which is straightforward; however, it also requires reducing Scope 1 emissions, which include nitrous oxide and methane emissions, predominantly from wastewater handling and treatment. The pathways and factors leading to biological nitrous oxide and methane formation and emissions from wastewater are highly complex and site-specific. Good emission factors for estimating the Scope 1 emissions are lacking, water utilities have little experience in directly measuring these emissions, and the mathematical modelling of these emissions is challenging. Therefore, this book aims to help the water sector address the Scope 1 emissions by breaking down their pathways and influencing factors, and providing guidance on both the use of emission factors, and performing direct measurements of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The book also dives into the mathematical modelling for predicting these emissions and provides guidance on the use of different mathematical models based upon your conditions, as well as an introduction to alternative modelling methods, including metabolic, data-driven, and AI methods. Finally, the book includes guidance on using the modelling tools for assessing different operating strategies and identifying promising mitigation actions. A must have book for anyone needing to understand, account for, and reduce water utility Scope 1 emissions.

Mathematical models. --- Municipal water supply --- Greenhouse gases. --- Law and legislation.

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The transition to low-carbon urban water utilities is an innovative idea, only embraced by a few forward thinking utilities currently. This roadmap is directed at urban water utility managers in charge of planning future actions, as well as at the stakeholders who will support the utility action plans. Because only a few “early adopters” utilities have embarked on the Low-Carbon transition, this roadmap intends to support other utilities understand and champion the need for contribution to a carbon neutral future and well as to guide them through a process of change. This roadmap is potentially applicable to all utilities worldwide, but was specifically written for utilities in emerging economies where service performance and data management challenges are often prominent in driving future planning.

Water-supply --- Water utilities --- Carbon dioxide mitigation. --- Environmental aspects. --- Management.

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Geothermal resources --- Analysis.