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Ever since George Washington warned against ""foreign entanglements"" in his 1796 farewell speech, the United States has wrestled with how to act toward other countries. Consequently, the history of anti-Americanism is as long and varied as the history of the United States. In this multidisciplinary collection, seventeen leading thinkers provide substance and depth to the recent outburst of fast talk on the topic of anti-Americanism by analyzing its history and currency in five key global regions: the Middle East, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, and the United States. The commentary draws fr

Anti-Americanism. --- United States --- Relations. --- US. --- animosity. --- group. --- past. --- present. --- scholars. --- stellar. --- towards. --- unravel. --- worlds.

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What interpretation(s) do today’s historians make of electrification? Electrification is a process which began almost a hundred and fifty years ago but which more than one billion men and women still do not have access to. This book displays the social diversity of the electric worlds and of the approaches to their history. It updates the historical knowledge and shows the renewal of the historiography in both its themes and its approaches. Four questions about the passage to the electrical age are raised: which innovations or combination of innovations made this passage a reality? According to which networks and appropriation? Evolving thanks to which tensions and alliances? And resulting in which transition and accumulation?

Quel(s) regard(s) les historiens d’aujourd’hui portent-ils sur l’électrification, processus engagé il y a près de cent cinquante ans mais auquel plus d’un milliard d’hommes et de femmes restent encore étrangers ? Le présent volume rend compte de la diversité des mondes sociaux électriques et des manières d’enquêter sur leur histoire. Il actualise les connaissances et témoigne du renouvellement de l’historiographie, dans ses objets et ses approches. Quatre points d’interrogation sur le basculement des sociétés dans l’âge électrique jalonnent le volume : moyennant quelles créations ou combinaisons créatrices ? En vertu de quelles circulations et appropriations ? Selon quelles tensions et alliances ? Et produisant quelles transitions et accumulations ?

Education --- Computer network resources. --- Electricity --- Electric industries --- History. --- Industries --- 19th–21st --- Beltran --- Circulations --- Creations --- Electric --- Électricité --- électrification --- électriques --- énergie --- Histoire --- Mondes --- Tensions --- Transitions --- Worlds

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This broad-ranging book equips programmers and designers with a thorough grounding in the techniques used to create truly network-enabled computer graphics and games. Written for graphics/game/VE developers and students, it assumes no prior knowledge of networking. The text offers a broad view of what types of different architectural patterns can be found in current systems, and readers will learn the tradeoffs in achieving system requirements on the Internet. The book explains the foundations of networked graphics, then explores real systems in depth, and finally considers standards

Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Information Technology --- General and Others --- Internet programming. --- Virtual reality. --- Computer games. --- Application software --- Electronic games --- Environments, Virtual --- Virtual environments --- Virtual worlds --- Computer simulation --- Reality --- Computer programming --- Computer games --- Internet games --- Television games --- Videogames --- Games --- Video games.

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Der Wechsel in eine andere berufliche Fachwelt stellt Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen. Welche individuellen Voraussetzungen müssen erfüllt und welche institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen sollten gegeben sein, damit ein erfolgreiches berufliches Crossover gelingt? Die Studie zeigt, dass das Crossover zwischen den Fachwelten ein gesamtbiografischer Prozess ist, der sich in den Biografien der Befragten nicht erst im Berufsleben abzeichnet. Erfolgreiche Fachweltwechsel werden von den hybriden Kompetenzen des Einzelnen bedingt und nur selten durch institutionelle und soziale Unterstützungsangebote begleitet. The change to a different professional world presents employees with new tasks and challenges. Which individual prerequisites must be fulfilled and which institutional framework conditions should be in place for a successful professional crossover? The study shows that the crossover between professional worlds is an overall biographical process that becomes apparent in the biographies of the interviewees even before their professional lives. Successful crossovers are dependend on the hybrid competencies of the individual and are rarely accompanied by institutional and social support services.

Berufswechsel --- Biografieforschung --- biographical research. --- career change --- economics --- Fachkultur --- Fachwechsel --- hybridity --- Hybridität --- qualitative social research --- qualitative Sozialforschung --- social worlds --- soziale Welten --- subject change --- subject culture --- Theorie-Praxis-Transfer --- theory-practice transfer --- transfer --- Transfer --- transition --- Wirtschaft --- Übergang

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From EverQuest to World of Warcraft, online games have evolved from the exclusive domain of computer geeks into an extraordinarily lucrative staple of the entertainment industry. People of all ages and from all walks of life now spend thousands of hours-and dollars-partaking in this popular new brand of escapism. But the line between fantasy and reality is starting to blur. Players have created virtual societies with governments and economies of their own whose currencies now trade against the dollar on eBay at rates higher than the yen. And the players who inhabit these synthetic worlds are starting to spend more time online than at their day jobs. In Synthetic Worlds, Edward Castronova offers the first comprehensive look at the online game industry, exploring its implications for business and culture alike. He starts with the players, giving us a revealing look into the everyday lives of the gamers-outlining what they do in their synthetic worlds and why. He then describes the economies inside these worlds to show how they might dramatically affect real world financial systems, from potential disruptions of markets to new business horizons. Ultimately, he explores the long-term social consequences of online games: If players can inhabit worlds that are more alluring and gratifying than reality, then how can the real world ever compete? Will a day ever come when we spend more time in these synthetic worlds than in our own? Or even more startling, will a day ever come when such questions no longer sound alarmist but instead seem obsolete? With more than ten million active players worldwide-and with Microsoft and Sony pouring hundreds of millions of dollars into video game development-online games have become too big to ignore. Synthetic Worlds spearheads our efforts to come to terms with this virtual reality and its concrete effects. "Illuminating. . . . Castronova's analysis of the economics of fun is intriguing. Virtual-world economies are designed to make the resulting game interesting and enjoyable for their inhabitants. Many games follow a rags-to-riches storyline, for example. But how can all the players end up in the top 10%? Simple: the upwardly mobile human players need only be a subset of the world's population. An underclass of computer-controlled 'bot' citizens, meanwhile, stays poor forever. Mr. Castronova explains all this with clarity, wit, and a merciful lack of academic jargon."-The Economist "Synthetic Worlds is a surprisingly profound book about the social, political, and economic issues arising from the emergence of vast multiplayer games on the Internet. What Castronova has realized is that these games, where players contribute considerable labor in exchange for things they value, are not merely like real economies, they are real economies, displaying inflation, fraud, Chinese sweatshops, and some surprising in-game innovations."-Tim Harford, Chronicle of Higher Education

Internet games --- Economic aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Electronic games --- Computer games --- Television games --- Videogames --- Games --- Video games --- online games, world of warcraft, everquest, entertainment industry, escapism, fantasy, commerce, economics, inflation, fraud, labor, economy, mobility, poverty, wealth, virtual reality, digital currencies, multiplayer, gaming, computer science, second life, psychology, technology, nonfiction, social media, synthetic worlds, telecommunications, video game, trade, internet.