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This book presents results of a cross-national research project on self-employment in eleven advanced economies and demonstrates how and why the practice is reemerging in modern societies. While traditional forms of self-employment, such as skilled crafts work and shop keeping, are in decline, they are being replaced by self-employment in both professional and unskilled occupations. Differences in self-employment across societies depend on the extent to which labor markets are regulated and the degree to which intergenerational family relationships are a primary factor structuring social organization. For each of the eleven countries analyzed, the book highlights the extent to which social background, educational attainment, work history, family status, and gender affect the likelihood that an individual will enter--and continue--a particular type of self-employment. While involvement with self-employment is becoming more common, it is occurring for individuals in activities that are more diverse, unstable and transitory than in years past.

Self-employed. --- Equality. --- Social status. --- Travailleurs indépendants --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Statut social --- Travailleurs indépendants --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Free-lancers --- Freelancers --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Persons

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Social stratification --- Social mobility --- Occupational mobility --- Social status --- Social conflict --- Social classes --- Mobilité sociale --- Stratification sociale --- Mobilité professionnelle --- Statut social --- Lutte des classes --- Classes sociales --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Conflits sociaux --- Occupational mobility. --- Social classes. --- Social conflict. --- Social mobility. --- Social status. --- Social Sciences --- Developmental Issues & Socioeconomic Studies --- General and Others --- Sociology. --- Anthropology --- Sociology --- Social Sciences. --- Mobilité sociale --- Mobilité professionnelle --- Périodiques --- EJSOCIA ELSEVIER-E EPUB-ALPHA-R EPUB-PER-FT --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Mobility, Social --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Job mobility --- Mobility, Occupational

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This is a pioneering work of American cultural history, which connects everyday attitudes and anxieties about failure to lofty ideals of individualism and salesmanship of self. Sandage's storytelling will resonate with all of us as it brings to life forgotten men and women who wrestled with The Loser--the label and the experience--in the days when American capitalism was building a nation of winners.

Social values --- Losers --- Failure (Psychology) --- Capitalism --- Identity (Psychology) --- Stigma (Social psychology) --- Social status --- History --- Social aspects --- Valeurs sociales --- Perdants --- Echec (Psychologie) --- Capitalisme --- Stigmates (Psychologie sociale) --- Histoire --- Aspect social --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Shame --- Social psychology --- Personal identity --- Personality --- Self --- Ego (Psychology) --- Individuality --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Losing (Psychology) --- Psychology --- Fear of failure --- Success --- Values --- United States --- 19th century --- Social values - United States - History - 19th century --- Losers - United States - History - 19th century --- Failure (Psychology) - United States - History - 19th century --- Capitalism - Social aspects - United States - History - 19th century --- Identity (Psychology) - United States - History - 19th century --- Social status - United States - History - 19th century

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Why are elite jewelers reluctant to sell turquoise, despite strong demand? Why did leading investment bankers shun junk bonds for years, despite potential profits? Status Signals is the first major sociological examination of how concerns about status affect market competition. Starting from the basic premise that status pervades the ties producers form in the marketplace, Joel Podolny shows how anxieties about status influence whom a producer does (or does not) accept as a partner, the price a producer can charge, the ease with which a producer enters a market, how the producer's inventions are received, and, ultimately, the market segments the producer can (and should) enter. To achieve desired status, firms must offer more than strong past performance and product quality--they must also send out and manage social and cultural signals. Through detailed analyses of market competition across a broad array of industries--including investment banking, wine, semiconductors, shipping, and venture capital--Podolny demonstrates the pervasive impact of status. Along the way, he shows how corporate strategists, tempted by the profits of a market that would negatively affect their status, consider not only whether to enter the market but also whether they can alter the public's perception of the market. Podolny also examines the different ways in which a firm can have status. Wal-Mart, for example, has low status among the rich as a place to shop, but high status among the rich as a place to invest. Status Signals provides a systematic understanding of market dynamics that have--until now--not been fully appreciated.

Market segmentation --- Social status --- Target marketing --- 313 --- 330.00 --- 380.53 --- 658.7 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Verkopen. Marktonderzoek. Verkoopsbeleid. --- Ventes. Analyse des marchés. Politique de vente. --- Sales. Market research. Sales policy. --- 658.7 Verkopen. Marktonderzoek. Verkoopsbeleid. --- 658.7 Ventes. Analyse des marchés. Politique de vente. --- 658.7 Sales. Market research. Sales policy. --- Market targeting --- Target markets --- Marketing --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Niche marketing --- Segmented market --- Social aspects --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Economische en sociale theorieën: algemeenheden --- Analyse van de markten en verkooppolitiek. Handelsvooruitzichten. Marketing --- Verkopen. Marktonderzoek. Verkoopsbeleid --- Social stratification --- Market research --- Economics --- Markets --- Social networks. --- Social status. --- Social values. --- Social aspects. --- Values --- Networking, Social --- Networks, Social --- Social networking --- Social support systems --- Support systems, Social --- Interpersonal relations --- Cliques (Sociology) --- Microblogs --- Society and markets --- Economic sociology --- Socio-economics --- Socioeconomics --- Sociology of economics --- Sociology --- Sociological aspects. --- Social networks --- Social values --- Economie politique --- Cibles (Marketing) --- Réseaux sociaux --- Valeurs sociales --- Aspect social

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Life at the Bottom of Babylonian Society is a study of the population dynamics, family structure, and legal status of publicly-controlled servile workers in Kassite Babylonia. It compares some of the demographic aspects proper to this group with other intensively studied past populations, such as Roman Egypt, Medieval Tuscany, and American slave plantations. It suggests that families, especially those headed by single mothers, acted as a counter measure against population reduction (flight and death) and as a means for the state to control this labor force. The work marks a step forward in the use of quantitative measures in conjunction with cuneiform sources to achieve a better understanding of the social and economic forces that affected ancient Near Eastern populations.

Travailleurs --- Statut social --- Working class --- Labor --- Social status --- Families --- Histoire --- History. --- Nippur (Extinct city) --- Babylonia --- Population --- History --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- Babylonia - Economic conditions. --- Babylonia - Social conditions. --- Demographic archaeology. --- Families - Iraq - Nippur (Extinct city) - History. --- Forced labor -- Iraq -- Nippur (Extinct city). --- Labor - Iraq - Nippur (Extinct city) - History. --- Nippur (Extinct city) - Economic conditions. --- Nippur (Extinct city) - History. --- Nippur (Extinct city) - Population - History. --- Nippur (Extinct city) -- Population. --- Nippur (Extinct city) - Social conditions. --- Slaves -- Iraq -- Nippur (Extinct city). --- Social status - Iraq - Nippur (Extinct city) - History. --- Working class - Iraq - Nippur (Extinct city) - History. --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Family --- Family life --- Family relationships --- Family structure --- Relationships, Family --- Structure, Family --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Labor and laboring classes --- Commons (Social order) --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working classes --- Social aspects --- Social conditions --- Employment --- Vavilonii︠a︡ --- Bavel --- Bābil --- Babylonien --- Niffer (Iraq) --- Nippur (Ancient city) --- Nuffar (Iraq) --- Social institutions --- Birth order --- Domestic relations --- Home --- Households --- Kinship --- Marriage --- Matriarchy --- Parenthood --- Patriarchy --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Manpower --- Work --- Social classes --- Sumer --- Iraq --- Antiquities