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While SWFs as a group share broad common institutional and operational practices, these practices also differ considerably reflecting the diversity of these institutions. These differences derive from the nature of the SWF (i.e., their original intent) as well as its legal personality. Thus, while SWF practices will continue to evolve, the fundamental objectives of different types of SWFs will continue to shape their practices going forward.

Public investments. --- Investments, Foreign --- Investments --- Finance, Public. --- Banks and banking, Central. --- Law and legislation. --- Decision making. --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Government investments --- Investments, Public --- Banks and banking --- Currency question --- Expenditures, Public --- Capital budget --- Economic development projects --- Investment of public funds --- Finance --- Public finances --- Accounting --- Investments: General --- Public Finance --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Public finance accounting --- Macroeconomics --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Financial statements --- Accounting standards --- Investment policy --- Institutional arrangements for revenue administration --- Revenue --- Finance, Public --- Saving and investment

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The declining U.S. national saving rate has prompted economists and policymakers to ask, should the federal government encourage household saving, and if so, through which policies? In order to better understand saving programs, this volume provides a systematic and detailed description of saving policies in the G-7 industrialized nations: the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Each of the seven chapters focuses on one country and addresses a core set of topics: types of accumulated household savings and debt; tax policies toward capital income; saving in the form of public and private pensions, including Social Security and similar programs; saving programs that receive special tax treatment; and saving through insurance. This detailed summary of the saving incentives of the G-7 nations will be an invaluable reference for policymakers and academics interested in personal saving behavior.

Belasting --- Impôt --- Taxation --- CA / Canada --- DE / Germany - Duitsland - Allemagne --- FR / France - Frankrijk --- GB / United Kingdom - Verenigd Koninkrijk - Royaume Uni --- IT / Italy - Italië - Italie --- JP / Japan - Japon --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 339.311.6 --- 339.311.1 --- 339.311.0 --- Beleid met betrekking tot het sparen (zie pensioensparen 332.834). --- Spaarneiging. --- Sparen: algemeenheden. --- Saving and investment --- Taxation. --- Government policy. --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Accumulation, Capital --- Capital accumulation --- Capital formation --- Investment and saving --- Saving and thrift --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Capital --- Supply-side economics --- Wealth --- Investments --- Sparen en spaarzaamheid --- Government policy --- Saving and thrift - Government policy. --- Saving and investment - Government policy. --- Sparen: algemeenheden --- Spaarneiging --- Beleid met betrekking tot het sparen (zie pensioensparen 332.834) --- insurance, saving, tax shelters, social security, pension, retirement, capital income, taxation, debt, household savings, united kingdom, japan, italy, germany, france, canada, g-7 nations, finance, economics, nonfiction, thrift, investment, policy, government, inflation, poverty, wealth, aging, inequity, welfare, intervention, regulation, 401k, ira.

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This Selected Issues paper describes external balance assessment in Angola. Angola’s external balance appears sustainable under current assumptions regarding the evolution of oil prices and output/exports, but the economy’s lack of diversification implies that it remains highly vulnerable to declines in the oil price and disruptions in oil production. Moreover, to the extent that the commercial viability of future oil production from the pre-salt deposits is still uncertain, risks to oil output are on the downside. Given the high pass-through of the nominal exchange rate to prices, improving competitiveness should focus on measures to improve the country’s business climate and infrastructure. The assessment of reserve adequacy shows that international reserves are currently adequate for precautionary purposes, but the high (although declining) level of dollarization in the financial system implies that a higher benchmark is appropriate; staff sees limited scope for drawing down reserves.

Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange rates --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- Rates --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Angola --- Anghūlā --- Colónia de Angola (Portugal) --- Estado de Angola (Portugal) --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Angoly --- People's Republic of Angola --- Portugiesisch Westafrika --- Portuguese West Africa --- Province d'Angola (Portugal) --- Província de Angola (Portugal) --- R.P.A. --- Republic of Angola --- República de Angola --- República Popular de Angola --- République populaire d'Angola --- RPA --- Volksrepublik Angola --- Angola (Revolutionary government in exile, 1962-1975) --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Resources --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Monetary Policy --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Banking --- Environmental management --- Currency --- Investment policy --- International reserves --- Natural resources --- Oil prices --- Real effective exchange rates --- National accounts --- Central banks --- Environment --- Income --- Saving and investment --- Foreign exchange reserves