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Following recent historiographical appeals on the need to study knowledge exchanges between European maritime rivals and their impact on overseas expansionist processes, this book makes this study for the Portuguese overseas empire between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. As the first European maritime power to systematically launch long-distance voyages, Portugal became a model worth emulation when Spain, France, England and the Dutch Republic started their own overseas enterprises. In different chapters that each adopt a case study relation (Portugal-Spain, Portugal-England, Portugal-France and Portugal-Dutch Republic), this book documents how Portuguese maritime knowledge was outsourced by its maritime rivals. The impact that Portuguese nautical knowledge had is evaluated, resorting particularly to a wide range of diplomatic and espionage documents. Finally, the book discusses the alleged Iberian secrecy policies regarding maritime knowledge, explaining why there is no serious reason to consider their success.

History of Southern Europe --- History of Europe --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- anno 1600-1699 --- HISTORY / Modern / 17th Century. --- Secrecy, espionage, interchange, navy.

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China --- History --- S04/0670 --- S06/0204 --- China: History--Ming: 1368 - 1644 --- China: Politics and government--Government and political institutions: Ming --- Chine --- Histoire --- History of Asia --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1400-1499 --- China - History - Ming dynasty, 1368-1644

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The Peasants of Ottobeuren offers an interesting perspective on one of the enduring problems of early modern European history: the possibilities for economic growth and social change in rural society. Based on the voluminous records of the Swabian Benedictine monastery of Ottobeuren, this study underscores the limitations of the traditional narrative of a sixteenth-century boom which foundered on the productive rigidities of the peasant economy and then degenerated into social crisis in the seventeenth century. Population growth did strain resources at Ottobeuren, but the peasantry continued to produce substantial agricultural surplus. More importantly, peasants reacted to demographic pressure by deepening their involvement in land and credit markets, and more widely and aggressively marketing the fruits of their labour. Marriage and inheritance underwent a similar process of commercialization which made heavy demands on the peasantry, but which maintained a degree of social stability through the devastations of war, plague and famine.

History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- Ottobeuren --- Peasants --- History. --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Ottobeuren (Germany) --- Rural conditions. --- Peasantry --- Agricultural laborers --- Rural population --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Villeinage --- Ottobeuren, Ger. --- Paysannerie --- 15.70 history of Europe. --- Peasants. --- Bauer. --- Gesellschaft. --- Landleben. --- Landbau. --- Landwirtschaft. --- Boeren. --- Sociale verandering. --- Economische groei. --- Abtei Ottobeuren. --- Histoire --- Kloster Ottobeuren. --- Ottobeuren / Kloster. --- Ottobeuren (Allemagne) --- Germany --- Conditions rurales.

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In 1300, women brewed and sold most of the ale drunk in England, but by 1600 the industry was largely controlled by men. This work asks how, when, and why brewing ceased to be a woman's trade. In doing so, it sheds light on the effects of early capitalism on the status of women's work.

Women brewers --- Women --- Women brewers. --- History. --- History --- Middle Ages. --- 500-1500. --- England. --- Brasseuses --- Economic history --- Brewers --- E-books --- Femmes --- Histoire --- 16th century --- England --- Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- Medieval, 500-1500 --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- United Kingdom --- Women brewers - England - History --- Women - England - History - Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- Trade --- Working-class women --- Women brewery workers

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With the opening of sea routes in the fifteenth century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews , Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early seventeenth century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were use

Merchants --- Portuguese --- History. --- Atlantic Ocean Region --- Spain --- Commerce --- History of Southern Europe --- Ethnology --- Businesspeople --- History --- Espanja --- Spanien --- Hiszpania --- Spanish State --- España --- Estado Español --- Espagne --- Hispania --- Sefarad --- Sepharad --- Shpanye --- Shpanie --- Reino de España --- Kingdom of Spain --- Reino d'Espanya --- Reinu d'España --- Espainiako Erresuma --- Regne d'Espanya --- Reiaume d'Espanha --- Espanya --- Espanha --- スペイン --- Supein --- イスパニア --- Isupania --- Atlantic Area --- Atlantic Region --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Portugal --- Merchants. --- Portuguese. --- Spain & Portugal --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology