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A textbook on global pharmaceutical policies.

Pharmaceutical policy. --- Pharmaceutical industry --- Drug development. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Development of drugs --- Drugs --- New drug development --- Drug industry --- Drug trade --- Drug policy --- Drugs and state --- Pharmacy --- Pharmacy and state --- State and drugs --- State and pharmacy --- Development --- Government policy --- Pharmacology --- Medicine industry --- Medicines industry --- Prescription medicine industry --- Chemical industry --- Medical policy

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The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (generally referred to as the Medicare Modernization Act, or MMA) substantially expanded the federal Medicare program by creating the prescription drug benefit known as Part D. In fiscal year 2013, Medicare Part D covered 39 million people. The federal government spent 59 billion net of premiums on Part D in that year; after accounting for certain payments from states under the program, the net federal cost was 50 billion, which represented 10 percent of net federal spending for Medicare. This book discusses the cost tr

Medicare --- Pharmaceutical services insurance --- Medical care, Cost of --- Health insurance --- Older people --- Medicaid --- Medigap --- Medical care --- E-books --- Medicare. --- Pharmaceutical policy. --- Drug policy --- Drugs --- Drugs and state --- Pharmacy --- Pharmacy and state --- State and drugs --- State and pharmacy --- Medical policy --- Drug benefit plans --- Drug insurance --- Insurance, Pharmaceutical services --- Pharmaceutical insurance --- Prepaid prescription drug plans --- Prescription drug insurance --- Prescription drug programs --- Insurance --- Government policy

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Much of the debate about health policy in the United States has focused on the availability of health insurance coverage and the relatively large number of individuals who are uninsured. While tackling the problem of the uninsured might improve access to and utilization of health care, it would likely have little effect on the health of the population, as there is only a weak connection between health insurance coverage and health. Expanding health insurance coverage alone is unlikely to significantly improve the health of the population or narrow health disparities within the population, given that many of the major causes of poor health such as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity are largely unaffected by health insurance. The narrow focus on the uninsured in the health policy debate comes at the expense of other policies that could improve health faster and more significantly for every dollar spent.It is well known that the United States spends approximately twice as much per capita on health care as most other developed nations, but that there is little difference in population health between the United States and other developed nations. This suggests that we are on the 'flat part of the curve' of health care spending with respect to health and as a result need to pursue other approaches for improving population health.In light of the imbalance in the health policy debate in the US, in November 2007, the Institute of Government and Public Affairs and the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois sponsored a conference entitled, Beyond Health Insurance: Public Policy to Improve Health. The purpose of the conference was to make available to the public new research on policies that can significantly improve the health of the US population. The conference focused on four areas: reducing racial and ethnic health disparities, preventing disease and promoting health, developing and regulating pharmaceuticals, and improving consumer information.

Health promotion -- Government policy -- United States -- Congresses. --- Medical informatics -- United States -- Congresses. --- Medical policy -- United States -- Congresses. --- Pharmaceutical policy -- United States -- Congresses. --- Health Status --- Medical Economics --- Drugs and state --- Pharmacy and state --- State and drugs --- State and pharmacy --- Medical policy --- Health promotion --- Medical informatics --- Pharmaceutical policy --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Drug policy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Clinical informatics --- Health informatics --- Medical information science --- Information science --- Medicine --- Government policy --- Data processing --- Health insurance policies --- E-books --- Insurance policies --- Service industry --- Insurance --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Business & Economics --- Health systems & services. --- Public health & preventive medicine. --- Health insurance policies. --- Health.

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Central American countries have long defined health as a human right. But in recent years regional trade agreements have ushered in aggressive intellectual property reforms, undermining this conception. Questions of IP and health provisions are pivotal to both human rights advocacy and "free" trade policy, and as this book chronicles, complex political battles have developed across the region. Looking at events in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Guatemala, Angelina Godoy argues that human rights advocates need to approach intellectual property law as more than simply a roster of regulations. IP represents the cutting edge of a global tendency to value all things in market terms: Life forms—from plants to human genetic sequences—are rendered commodities, and substances necessary to sustain life—medicines—are restricted to insure corporate profits. If we argue only over the terms of IP protection without confronting the underlying logic governing our trade agreements, then human rights advocates will lose even when they win.

Drug accessibility --- Drugs --- Free trade --- Human rights --- Intellectual property --- Pharmaceutical policy --- Right to health --- Health care, Right to --- Health, Right to --- Medical care, Right to --- Right to health care --- Right to medical care --- Social rights --- Drug policy --- Drugs and state --- Pharmacy --- Pharmacy and state --- State and drugs --- State and pharmacy --- Medical policy --- IP (Intellectual property) --- Proprietary rights --- Rights, Proprietary --- Intangible property --- Access to drugs --- Accessibility of drugs --- Availability of drugs --- Drug availability --- Patents. --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Health Services Accessibility --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Drug and Narcotic Control --- Human Rights --- Intellectual Property --- Intellectual Properties --- Properties, Intellectual --- Property, Intellectual --- Ownership --- Inventions --- Collective Human Rights --- Equal Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Linguistic --- Social Justice --- Human Rights Abuses --- Drug Control --- Narcotic and Drug Control --- Pharmaceutic Policy --- Drug Regulations --- Narcotic Control --- Pharmaceutical Policy --- Control, Drug --- Control, Narcotic --- Controls, Drug --- Controls, Narcotic --- Drug Controls --- Drug Regulation --- Narcotic Controls --- Pharmaceutical Policies --- Policies, Pharmaceutical --- Policy, Pharmaceutical --- Regulation, Drug --- Regulations, Drug --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Pharmaceuticals --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drug --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Product, Pharmaceutical --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Care --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Health Services Availability --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Medically Underserved Area --- Patents --- E-books --- Access To Care, Health --- Access to Care --- Access to Medicines --- Access to Cares --- Access to Medicine --- Care, Access to --- Cares, Access to --- Medicine, Access to --- Medicines, Access to --- Accessibilities, Health Services