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Economists have repeatedly warned against them, NGOs have fought them, and somegovernments have begrudgingly (at least in appearance) signed them. Yet, in the last twentyyears the growth in number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has been unabated. Evenmore strikingly, their scope has broadened while their number was increasing. Deep integrationprovisions in PTAs have now become ubiquitous.Gaining market access or preserving existing preferences has remained an important motivationfor acceding to PTAs. But with the liberalization of trade around the world and the relateddiminishing size

Developing countries -- Commercial policy. --- Economic development -- Developing countries. --- Free trade -- Developing countries. --- Tariff preferences -- Developing countries. --- Tariff preferences --- Free trade --- Economic development --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Developing countries --- Commercial policy. --- Foreign economic relations. --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Tariff

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This volume assembles a stellar group of scholars and experts to examine preferential trade agreements (PTAs), a topic that has time and again attracted the interest of analysts. It presents a discussion of the evolving economic analysis regarding PTAs and the various dysfunctions that continually place them among the priority items for (re)negotiation by the WTO. The book explores recent empirical research that casts doubt on the old 'trade diversion' school and debates why the WTO should deal with PTAs and if PTAs belong under the mandate of the WTO as we now know it.

Commercial treaties. --- Tariff preferences. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Tariff --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Law and legislation --- Commercial treaties --- Tariff preferences --- E-books --- Law --- General and Others

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Preferential trade agreements have become common ways to protect or restrict access to national markets in products and services. The United States has signed trade agreements with almost two dozen countries as close as Mexico and Canada and as distant as Morocco and Australia. The European Union has done the same. In addition to addressing economic issues, these agreements also regulate the protection of human rights. In Forced to Be Good, Emilie M. Hafner-Burton tells the story of the politics of such agreements and of the ways in which governments pursue market integration policies that advance their own political interests, including human rights. How and why do global norms for social justice become international regulations linked to seemingly unrelated issues, such as trade? Hafner-Burton finds that the process has been unconventional. Efforts by human rights advocates and labor unions to spread human rights ideals, for example, do not explain why American and European governments employ preferential trade agreements to protect human rights. Instead, most of the regulations protecting human rights are codified in global moral principles and laws only because they serve policymakers' interests in accumulating power or resources or solving other problems. Otherwise, demands by moral advocates are tossed aside. And, as Hafner-Burton shows, even the inclusion of human rights protections in trade agreements is no guarantee of real change, because many of the governments that sign on to fair trade regulations oppose such protections and do not intend to force their implementation. Ultimately, Hafner-Burton finds that, despite the difficulty of enforcing good regulations and the less-than-noble motives for including them, trade agreements that include human rights provisions have made a positive difference in the lives of some of the people they are intended-on paper, at least-to protect.

Tariff preferences --- Commercial treaties --- International trade --- Human rights --- Préférences douanières --- Accords commerciaux --- Commerce international --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Social aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect social --- Aspect économique --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- International Relations / Trade & Tariffs --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- Préférences douanières --- Aspect économique --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Law and legislation --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Tariff

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Jagdish Bhagwati, the internationally renowned economist who uniquely combines a reputation as the leading scholar of international trade with a substantial presence in public policy on the important issues of the day, shines here a critical light on Preferential Trade Agreements, revealing how the rapid spread of PTA's endangers the world trading system. Numbering by now well over 300, and rapidly increasing, these preferential trade agreements, many taking the form of Free Trade Agreements, have re-created the unhappy situation of the 1930's, when world trade was undermined by discriminatory

Foreign trade policy --- Tariff preferences --- Trade blocs --- Free trade --- Commercial policy --- International trade --- PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS -- 338.98 --- TARIFF PREFERENCES -- 338.98 --- TARIFF PREFERENCES -- 330.17 --- 382.30 --- 337.53 --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden. --- Voorkeur- of preferentiële tarieven. --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Tariff --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- Voorkeur- of preferentiële tarieven --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden --- Government policy --- Tariff preferences. --- Trade blocs. --- Free trade. --- Commercial policy. --- International trade.

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Eight member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) have recently concluded the Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS). To date, the progress of sub-regional trade integration in South Asia appears to be rather lacklustre. This book critically analyses the international legal aspects of economic integration in South Asia. It argues that although there are economic constraints in bringing about greater economic integration in South Asia, those constraints are not insurmountable. Many of the constraints are merely outcomes of dubious policies pursued by the policy makers in the sub-region and can be tackled with sustained political commitment towards the cause of the South Asian economic integration.

Foreign trade regulation --- Tariff --- Tariff preferences --- Trade blocs --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- International trade --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Ad valorem tariff --- Border taxes --- Customs (Tariff) --- Customs duties --- Duties --- Fees, Import --- Import controls --- Import fees --- Tariff on raw materials --- Commercial policy --- Indirect taxation --- Revenue --- Customs administration --- Favored nation clause --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Law and legislation --- South Asia --- Asia, South --- Asia, Southern --- Indian Sub-continent --- Indian Subcontinent --- Southern Asia --- Orient --- Economic integration. --- E-books