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Interest in U.S. trade policy has been stimulated in recent years by the massive American trade deficit, by the belief that intervention by foreign governments in international markets has given other countries a competitive edge over the United States, and by concern about the increase in protectionism among industrial countries. In turn, major analytical developments in international economics have revolutionized trade theory, broadening its scope both by introducing in a more formal manner such concepts as imperfect competition, increasing returns, product differentiation, and learning effects and by including the study of political and economic factors that shape trade policy decisions. This collection of papers-the result of a conference held by the NBER-applies these "new" trade theories to existing world cases and also presents complementary empirical studies that are grounded in more traditional trade theories. The volume is divided into four parts. The papers in part 1 consider the problem of imperfect competition, empirically assessing the economic effect of various trade policies introduced in industries in which the "new" trade theory seems to apply. Those in part 2 isolate the effects of protection from the influences of the many economic changes that accompany actual periods of protection and also examine how the effects from exogenous changes in economic conditions vary with the form of protection. Part 3 provides new empirical evidence on the effect of foreign production by a country's firms on the home country's exports. Finally, in part 4, two key bilateral issues are analyzed: recent U.S.-Japanese trade tensions and the incident involving the threat of the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on Canadian softwood lumber.

Foreign trade policy --- Commercial policy --- Politique commerciale --- Congresses --- Econometric models --- Congrès --- Modèles économétriques --- Congresses. --- 339.542 --- -Commercial policy --- -AA / International- internationaal --- 382.30 --- 380.23 --- International trade --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Buitenlandse handelsovereenkomsten. Multilaterale/bilaterale handelsbesprekingen. Tarieven. Uitvoerrechten. Gatt. Handelsconferenties. WTO --- -Congresses --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- Government policy --- 339.542 Buitenlandse handelsovereenkomsten. Multilaterale/bilaterale handelsbesprekingen. Tarieven. Uitvoerrechten. Gatt. Handelsconferenties. WTO --- Congrès --- Modèles économétriques --- AA / International- internationaal --- Econometric models&delete& --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden --- Commercial policy - Congresses. --- Commercial policy - Econometric models - Congresses. --- italy, personal saving, germany, savings, united kingdom, household, canada, trade policy, finance, economics, economy, nonfiction, deficit, intervention, government, competition, protectionism, product differentiation, increasing returns, softwood lumber, commerce, econometric models, congress, regulation, international markets.

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Edited by Zubair Iqbal and Mohsin Khan, this volume is a collection of papers given at a seminar on trade issues in Africa, conducted by the IMF nad the African Economic Research Consortium. It represents the views of government officials, academics, and representatives from multilateral and regional agencies on issues relating to trade reform and regionalism in Africa. Issues include the role of trade liberalization in promoting sustained growth, interdependence of trade and macroeconomic policies, impediments to effective trade reforms, the steps needed to accelerate trade reform, and the importance of regional interaction.

339.54 <6> --- 339.92 <6> --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- 382.51 --- 331.30 --- 382.30 --- 382.52 --- 337.554 --- NBB congres --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Afrika --- Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve. --- Economische toestand. --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden. --- Handelsakkoorden. Driehoekshandel. Bilateralisme. --- Vrijhandelsgebieden en -associaties. Europese Vrijhandelsassociatie. Europese Economische Ruimte. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- -Africa, Sub-Saharan --- -Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Commercial policy --- -Congresses --- Economic conditions --- -Regional disparities --- Economic integration --- Foreign economic relations --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Commercial policy -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Economic conditions -- Regional disparities -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Economic integration -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Foreign economic relations -- Congresses. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- -Commercial policy --- 339.92 <6> Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- 339.54 <6> Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Afrika --- Regional disparities --- Africa, Black --- Economische toestand --- Vrijhandelsgebieden en -associaties. Europese Vrijhandelsassociatie. Europese Economische Ruimte --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve --- Handelsakkoorden. Driehoekshandel. Bilateralisme --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Taxation --- International Economics --- Natural Resources --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International trade & commerce --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Environmental management --- Tariffs --- Trade policy --- Trade liberalization --- Exports --- Regional integration --- Taxes --- International trade --- Imports --- Tariff --- International economic integration --- South Africa

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The United States in the World Economy offers the results of a conference organized by the National Bureau of Economics in 1987. The volume includes background papers prepared by nine academic economists, personal statements by individuals prominent in government and business, and summaries of the discussion that followed the presentations. Among the topics considered are foreign competition in Latin America and the Asian Pacific Rim, Third World debts, innovations in international financial markets, changing patterns of international investment, international capital flows, a

International economic relations --- United States --- Competition, International --- Investments, American --- Congresses. --- 339.54 (73) --- 333.605 --- 339.113 --- 339.115 --- 380.23 --- 382.242.0 --- 382.50 --- AA / International- internationaal --- NBB congres --- Papers presented at a conference held in March 1987. --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- -Competition, International --- -337.73 --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Nieuwe financiële instrumenten. --- Buitenlandse investeringen. --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden. --- Internationale handelsbetrekkingen: algemeenheden. --- Congresses --- Commercial policy --- -Congresses. --- Foreign economic relations --- International competition --- World economics --- International relations --- International trade --- War --- American investments --- 339.54 (73) Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Economic aspects --- 337.73 --- Papers presented at a conference held in March 1987 --- Nieuwe financiële instrumenten --- Buitenlandse investeringen --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden --- Internationale handelsbetrekkingen: algemeenheden --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- USA --- US --- Arhab --- Ar. ha-B. --- Artsot ha-Berit --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- ABSh --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- ABŞ --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Forente stater --- Spojené staty americké --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Yhdysvallat --- Verenigde Staten --- Egyesült Államok --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Estados Unidos de América --- United States of America --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- SShA --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- VSA --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Estados Unidos --- EE.UU. --- Stany Zjednoczone --- ĒPA --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- ZSA --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mei guo --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- U.S. --- America (Republic) --- Amirika Carékat --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- VS --- ولايات المتحدة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- Istadus Unidus --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Bí-kok --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- AQSh --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- Yunaeted Stet --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- САЩ --- SASht --- Съединените щати --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Америка (Republic) --- Amerika (Republic) --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Stati Uniti --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ē.P.A. --- Usono --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- FS --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Stâts Unîts --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- S.U.A. --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- Mî-koet --- 미국 --- Miguk --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Investments, American - Congresses --- Competition, International - Congresses --- United States - Commercial policy - Congresses --- United States - Foreign economic relations - Congresses --- agriculture, services, goods, competition, international, capital flows, investment, financial markets, third world, debt, pacific rim, asia, latin america, foreign, underdeveloped countries, aid, economics, finance, economy, government, business, nonfiction, trade, banking, manufacturing, corporations, stocks, borders, taxation, imports, exports.