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Benelux countries --- Civilization. --- Civilization

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All countries, regions and institutions are ultimately built on a degree of consensus, on a collective commitment to a concept, belief or value system. This consensus is continuously rephrased and reinvented through a narrative of cohesion and challenged by expressions of discontent and discord. The history of the Low Countries is characterised by both a striving for consensus and eruptions of discord, both internally and from external challenges. This interdisciplinary volume explores consensus and discord in a Low Countries context along broad cultural, linguistic and historical lines. Disciplines represented include early-modern and contemporary history; art history; film; literature; and translation scholars from both the Low Countries and beyond.

Benelux countries --- History. --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions. --- Low countries --- European history --- discord --- conflict --- dutch history --- consensus --- Arnhem --- Belgium --- Europe --- Netherlands --- Oeroeg

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Cities of Commerce develops a model of institutional change in European commerce based on urban rivalry. Cities continuously competed with each other by adapting commercial, legal, and financial institutions to the evolving needs of merchants. Oscar Gelderblom traces the successive rise of Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to commercial primacy between 1250 and 1650, showing how dominant cities feared being displaced by challengers while lesser cities sought to keep up by cultivating policies favorable to trade. He argues that it was this competitive urban network that promoted open-access institutions in the Low Countries, and emphasizes the central role played by the urban power holders — the magistrates — in fostering these inclusive institutional arrangements. Gelderblom describes how the city fathers resisted the predatory or reckless actions of their territorial rulers, and how their nonrestrictive approach to commercial life succeeded in attracting merchants from all over Europe.Cities of Commerce intervenes in an important debate on the growth of trade in Europe before the Industrial Revolution. Challenging influential theories that attribute this commercial expansion to the political strength of merchants, this book demonstrates how urban rivalry fostered the creation of open-access institutions in international trade.

History of the Low Countries --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1200-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Benelux countries --- Commerce --- History --- Benelux --- Pays-Bas --- Histoire --- 338 <09> <492> --- 338 <09> <493> --- 338 <09> <493> Economische geschiedenis--België --- Economische geschiedenis--België --- 338 <09> <492> Economische geschiedenis--Nederland --- Economische geschiedenis--Nederland --- Low countries --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- 16th century. --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- 17th century. --- Benelux countries -- Commerce -- History -- To 1500. --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - To 1500 --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - 16th century --- Benelux countries - Commerce - History - 17th century --- Amsterdam. --- Antwerp. --- Bruges. --- Dutch Republic. --- Dutch Revolt. --- Europe. --- European commerce. --- Flemish Revolt. --- German Hanse. --- Habsburgs. --- Hans Thijs. --- Low Countries. --- amicable settlement. --- arbitration. --- boycotts. --- brokers. --- central courts. --- collective action. --- commenda. --- commerce. --- commercial cities. --- commercial infrastructure. --- commercial litigation. --- commission trade. --- compensation. --- conflict resolution. --- court proceedings. --- cross-border trade. --- double-entry bookkeeping. --- footloose merchants. --- foreign traders. --- hostellers. --- inclusive institutions. --- institutional change. --- international trade. --- losses. --- merchants. --- open access institutions. --- private order solutions. --- spot markets. --- spreading of risks. --- state formation. --- trade ports. --- urban autonomy. --- urban competition. --- urban magistrates. --- violence.

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"Based on consilia and decisiones, Wouter Druwé studies the multinormative framework on loans and credit in the Golden Ages of Antwerp and Amsterdam (c. 1500-1680). He analyzes the use of a wide variety of legal financial techniques in the Low Countries, such as money lending and the taking of interest, the constitution of annuities, cession and delegation, bearer bonds, bills of exchange, partnerships, and representation in financial affairs, as well as the consequences of monetary fluctuations. Special attention is paid to how the transregional European system of learned Roman and canon law (ius commune) was applied in daily 'learned legal practice'. The study also deals with the prohibition against usury and with the impact of moral theology on legal debates".

Credit --- Loans --- History --- Benelux countries --- Economic conditions --- Financial law --- History of the Netherlands --- History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- anno 1500-1599 --- anno 1600-1699 --- 336.7 <09> --- 336.7 <09> Geschiedenis van het bankwezen --- Geschiedenis van het bankwezen --- Borrowing --- Lending --- Loans for consumption --- Finance --- Investments --- Money --- Low countries --- History of the Low Countries

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Cities Made of Boundaries presents the theoretical foundation and concepts for a new social scientific urban morphological mapping method, Boundary Line Type (BLT) Mapping. Its vantage is a plea to establish a frame of reference for radically comparative urban studies positioned between geography and archaeology. Based in multidisciplinary social and spatial theory, a critical realist understanding of the boundaries that compose built space is operationalised by a mapping practice utilising Geographical Information Systems (GIS).Benjamin N. Vis gives a precise account of how BLT Mapping can be applied to detailed historical, reconstructed, contemporary, and archaeological urban plans, exemplified by sixteenth- to twenty-first century Winchester (UK) and Classic Maya Chunchucmil (Mexico). This account demonstrates how the functional and experiential difference between compact western and tropical dispersed cities can be explored.The methodological development of Cities Made of Boundaries will appeal to readers interested in the comparative social analysis of built environments, and those seeking to expand the evidence-base of design options to structure urban life and development.

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