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This text discusses the importance of mountain regions, and the precariousness of mountain tourism in the context of ecosystem and cultural conservation. Case studies of mountain tourism existing along with environmental sustainability and community well-being are included.

Mountain ecology. --- Mountains --- Tourism. --- Recreational use.

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Safeguarding Mountain Ecosystems: A Global Challenge provides an overview of the relevant research in mountain regions worldwide, identifying existing challenges and providing an understanding of the diversity of mountain ecosystems in different regions. Mountain ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to modified climate conditions and other global changes (demographic, migration, urbanization). In this time of change, efforts for sustainable development in mountain ecosystems deserve all the attention, especially in synergy with the United Nations' International Frameworks, including the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Agreement, and the New Urban Agenda.Sections underline the importance of mountain regions for humanity at global, regional and local scales, describe the challenges of safeguarding mountains and possible solutions worldwide, and scrutinize regional specificities of the major mountain ranges, describing the challenges and opportunities of each. Final sections reflect on applications and technologies that address and solve major problems.

Environmental protection. --- Mountain ecology. --- Mountains --- Social aspects. --- Economic aspects.

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The alpine treeline ecotone (ATE) is an area of transition high on mountains where closed canopy forests from lower elevations give way to the open alpine tundra and rocky expanses above. Alpine tundra is an island biome and its ecotone with forest is subject to change, and like oceanic islands, alpine tundra is subject to invasion - or the upward advance of treeline. The invasion of tundra by trees will have consequences for the tundra biome as invasion does for other island flora and fauna. To examine the invasibility of tundra we take a plant's-eye-view, wherein the local conditions become

Timberline --- Forest ecology. --- Forest ecosystems --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Glacier National Park (Mont.) --- Glacier National Park (USA) --- Environmental conditions. --- Climatic changes --- Montana --- Glacier National Park --- Geomorphology --- Environmental conditions --- Glacier Park (Mont.) --- Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park (Mont. and Alta.)