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Can political theorists justify their ideas? Do sound political theories need foundations? What constitutes a well-justified argument in political discourse? Don Herzog attempts to answer these questions by investigating the ways in which major theorists in the Anglo-American political tradition have justified their views. Making use of a wide range of primary texts, Herzog examines the work of such important theorists as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, the utilitarians (Jeremy Bentham, J. S. Mill. Henry Sidgwick, J. C. Harsanyi, R. M. Hare, and R. B. Brandt), David Hume, and Adam Smith. Herzog argues that Hobbes, Locke, and the utilitarians fail to justify their theories because they try to ground the volatile world of politics in immutable aspects of human nature, language, theology, or rationality. Herzog concludes that the works of Adam Smith and David Hume offer illuminating examples of successful justifications. Basing their political conclusions on social contexts, not on abstract principles, Hume and Smith develop creative solutions to given problems.

Political science --- Justification (Theory of knowledge) --- History. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- State, The --- History of theories

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La Commission du droit international, après avoir longuement hésité, a inscrit l’état de nécessité dans sa codification de la responsabilité des États en tant que circonstance excluant l’illicéité. L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer qu’il s’agit d’un mécanisme beaucoup plus diffus et fondamental du droit international, intimement lié à ses caractéristiques propres. Il a comme fonction la limitation des obligations substantielles des États lors de la survenance d’un fait-condition – la situation de nécessité – afin d’éviter que l’application du droit ne génère un coût social excessif. Sa réalisation requiert toujours une pondération des intérêts en conflit. Seulement lorsqu’un coût social excessif ne peut être évité, l’état de nécessité intervient dans le cadre des obligations secondaires de la responsabilité internationale, en tant que circonstance atténuante. After much hesitation, the International Law Commission codified the state of necessity as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in the field of State responsibility. This study aims to demonstrate that it is a much wider mechanism, essential to international law and strictly connected to its own characteristics. It performs the function of limiting the substantial obligations of States in case of the realization of a fact condition – a situation of necessity – in order to avert an excessive social cost, born out of law implementation. It always works through a balance of conflicting interests. Only when a social cost cannot be avoided, the state of necessity, under the features of a mitigating circumstance, enters the field of secondary obligations relating to international responsibility.

Necessity (Law) --- State of necessity --- Assistance in emergencies --- Criminal liability --- Duress (Law) --- Justification (Law) --- Liability (Law) --- Self-defense (Law) --- Self-help (Law) --- Nécessité (droit international) --- Dérogation (droit) --- Obligations internationales --- État --- Responsabilité (droit international) --- Nécessité (droit international) --- Dérogation (droit) --- État --- Responsabilité (droit international)

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McBride's book considers a variety of puzzles concerning immediate justification and knowledge. These puzzles are of active interest in the field, and it is useful to address them all in a single volume. I learned from this book, even when it covered issues I already knew well. ―Prof. Christopher Tucker, William & Mary University How do we know what we know? In this stimulating and rigorous book, Mark McBride explores two sets of issues in contemporary epistemology: the problems that warrant transmission poses for the category of basic knowledge; and the status of conclusive reasons, sensitivity, and safety as conditions that are necessary for knowledge. To have basic knowledge is to know (have justification for) some proposition immediately, i.e., knowledge (justification) that doesn't depend on justification for any other proposition. This book considers several puzzles that arise when you take seriously the possibility that we can have basic knowledge. McBride's analysis draws together two vital strands in contemporary epistemology that are usually treated in isolation from each other. Additionally, its innovative arguments include a new application of the safety condition to the law.

Justification (Theory of knowledge) --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Cognitive science New. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- justifications --- safety condition --- sensitivity --- basic knowledge --- epistemology --- conclusive reasons --- Brain in a vat --- Coherentism --- Dogma --- Fallibilism --- Foundationalism --- Fred Dretske --- Inference --- Logical consequence --- Robert Nozick

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A distinguished group of scholars explore the moral values and political consequences of privatization The 21st century has seen a proliferation of privatization across industries in the United States, from security and the military to public transportation and infrastructure. In shifting control from the state to private actors, do we weaken or strengthen structures of governance? Do state-owned enterprises promise to be more equal and fair than their privately-owned rivals? What role can accountability measures play in mediating the effects of privatization; and what role does coercion play in the state governance and control? In this latest installment from the NOMOS series, an interdisciplinary group of distinguished scholars in political science, law, and philosophy examine the moral and political consequences of transferring state-provided or state-owned goods and services to the private sector. The essays consider how we should evaluate the decision to privatize, both with respect to the quality of outcomes that might be produced, and in terms of the effects of privatization on the core values underlying democratic decision-making. Privatization also affects the structure of governance in a variety of important ways, and these essays evaluate the consequences of privatization on the state. Privatization sheds new light on these highly salient questions of contemporary political life and institutional design.

Privatization --- Privatization. --- Lenin. --- accountability. --- civic responsibility. --- classical Athens. --- coercion. --- consent. --- contracting out. --- corporatization. --- democracy. --- deregulation. --- enforcement. --- equality. --- equilibrium. --- executive power. --- freedom. --- inequality. --- justice. --- justification. --- liberalism. --- market competition. --- markets. --- national security. --- nonprofits. --- polity. --- private contractors. --- private prisons. --- privatization. --- public officials. --- public sector. --- reciprocity. --- regulation. --- republicanism. --- responsibility. --- rule of law. --- slavery. --- state. --- transaction costs. --- value pluralism.

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Discusses recent advances in the use of modern technology and management concepts--from distributed virtual manufacturing enterprises to integrating green technology in a cost-effective manner to materials and energy savings. Offers engineers and technical managers the needed insight to plan for future growth and success.

Resource allocation. --- Industrial productivity. --- Industrial management. --- Green technology. --- resource utilization --- optimization techniques --- manufacturing materials --- maintenance --- green design --- sustainability --- industrial productivity --- environment --- lean manufacturing --- human resource management --- electronic work methods --- energy and Resources Management --- maintenance, Availability, and Resource Utilization --- materials and energy efficiency --- human resources management --- resources planning, forecasting, and scheduling --- distribution, logistics, and supply chain optimization --- green design and manufacturing --- economic justification of resources --- technology and automation --- process and system design tools --- green collar worker skills, training, and education