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"This book examines the practices of contesting evidence in democratically constituted knowledge societies. It provides a multifaceted view of the processes and conditions of evidence criticism and how they determine the dynamics of de- and re-stabilization of evidence. Evidence is an essential resource for establishing claims of validity, resolving conflicts, and legitimizing decisions. In recent times, however, evidence is being contested with increasing frequency. Such contestations vary in form and severity-from questioning the interpretation of data or the methodological soundness of studies to accusations of evidence fabrication. The contributors to this volume explore which actors, for what reasons and to what effect, question evidence in fields such as the biological, environmental, and health sciences. In addition to actors inside academia, they examine the roles of various other actors, including citizen scientists, counter-experts, journalists, patients, consumers, and activists. The contributors tackle questions of how disagreements are framed and how they are used to promote vested interests. By drawing on methodological and theoretical approaches from a wide range of fields, this book provides a much-needed perspective on how evidence criticism influences the development and state of knowledge societies and their political condition. Evidence Contestation will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of science, epistemology, bioethics, science & technology studies, the history of science and technology, and science communication"--
Evidence. --- Proof --- Belief and doubt --- Faith --- Logic --- Philosophy --- Truth
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"The bestselling author of Give and Take and Originals examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your beliefs and to know what you don't know, which can position you for success at work and happiness at home. The difficulty of rethinking our assumptions is surprisingly common--maybe even fundamentally human. Our ways of thinking become habits that we don't bother to question, and mental laziness leads us to prefer the ease of old routines to the difficulty of new ones. We fail to update the beliefs we formed in the past for the challenges we face in the present. But in a rapidly changing world, we need to spend as much time rethinking as we do thinking. Think Again is a book about the benefit of doubt, and about how we can get better at embracing the unknown and the joy of being wrong. Evidence has shown that creative geniuses are not attached to one identity but constantly willing to rethink their stances, that leaders who admit they don't know something and seek critical feedback lead more productive and innovative teams, and that our greatest presidents have been open to updating their views. The new science of intellectual humility shows that as a mindset and a skillset, rethinking can be taught, and Grant explains how to develop the necessary qualities. The first section of the book explores why we struggle to think again and how we can improve individually, and argues that such engines of success as "grit" can actually be counterproductive; the second section discusses how we can help others think again through the skill of "argument literacy"; and the third looks at how institutions like schools, business, and governments fall short in building cultures that encourage rethinking. In the end, it's intellectual humility that makes it possible for us to stop denying our weaknesses so that we can start improving ourselves"--
Thought and thinking. --- Questioning. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Belief and doubt.
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Academic writing. --- Belief and doubt. --- Disinformation. --- Human information processing. --- Peer review. --- Prejudices. --- Social sciences --- Research.
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In this book, authors engage in an interdisciplinary discourse of theory and practice on the concept of personal conviction, addressing the variety of grey zones that mark the concept. Bias, Belief, and Conviction in an Age of Fake Facts discusses where our convictions come from and whether we are aware of them, why they compel us to certain actions, and whether we can change our convictions when presented with opposing evidence, which prove our personal convictions "wrong". Scholars from philosophy, psychology, comparative literature, media studies, applied linguistics, intercultural communication, and education shed light on the topic of personal conviction, crossing disciplinary boundaries and asking questions not only of importance to scholars but also related to the role and possible impact of conviction in the public sphere, education, and in political and cultural discourse. By taking a critical look at personal conviction as an element of inquiry within the humanities and social sciences, this book will contribute substantially to the study of conviction as an aspect of the self we all carry within us and are called upon to examine. It will be of particular interest to scholars in communication and journalism studies, media studies, philosophy, and psychology.
Linguistics. --- Belief and doubt. --- Conviction --- Doubt --- Consciousness --- Credulity --- Emotions --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Religion --- Will --- Agnosticism --- Rationalism --- Skepticism --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Language and languages --- Fake news. --- Truth. --- Belief and doubt --- Certainty --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Pragmatism --- Disinformation --- Hoaxes --- Journalism --- Fake news --- Truth
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This English translation of the author's original work has been thoroughly revised, expanded and updated. The book covers logical systems known as type-free or self-referential. These traditionally arise from any discussion on logical and semantical paradoxes. This particular volume, however, is not concerned with paradoxes but with the investigation of type-free sytems to show that: (i) there are rich theories of self-application, involving both operations and truth which can serve as foundations for property theory and formal semantics; (ii) these theories provide a new outlo
Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Truth. --- Conviction --- Belief and doubt --- Philosophy --- Skepticism --- Certainty --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Pragmatism --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Logic [Symbolic and mathematical ] --- Truth
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This text shows that there are things to understand about scientific evidences: difficult concepts about the structure of experiments; causality; repeatability and the validity and reliability of evidence upon which decisions have to be made.
Methods in social research (general) --- Science --- Evidence. --- Proof --- Belief and doubt --- Faith --- Logic --- Philosophy --- Truth --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy. --- Research --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Evaluation. --- Random sampling --- Statistics of sampling --- Statistics --- Mathematical statistics
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Este libro es un estudio sobre las teorías del desarrollo social y un análisis de las estrategias, instituciones y políticas económicas de los últimos tiempos en varios países. Expone y analiza las teorías más recientes, explora las contribuciones de distintas disciplinas: desde la economía y la sociología hasta la biología evolutiva o la ciencia cognitiva, y propone un modelo capaz de integrar sus hallazgos, en una explicación general del desarrollo. Argumentado con cuidado e inteligencia, con un admirable dominio del campo, el orden de la exposición y la enorme cantidad de autores y libros comentados hace que sea muy útil como introducción a las teorías del desarrollo en todas sus derivaciones contemporáneas.
Rationalism. --- Progress. --- Institutional economics. --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Economic development --- Economics --- Social aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Wealth --- Social progress --- Civilization --- Regression (Civilization) --- Social stability --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Social classes
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"We tend to approach conflict from the perspective of competing interests. A farmer's interest lies in preserving water for crops, while an environmentalist's interest is in using that same water for instream habitats. It's hard to see how these interests intersect. But what if there was a different way to understand each party's needs? Wolf draws lessons from a diversity of faith traditions to transform conflict. True listening, as practiced by Buddhist monks, as opposed to the "active listening" advocated by many mediators, can be the key to calming a colleague's anger. Alignment with an energy beyond oneself, what Christians would call grace, can change self-righteousness into community concern. Shifting the discussion from one about interests to one about common values--both farmers and environmentalists share the value of love of place--can be the starting point for real dialogue."--Publisher website.
Faith. --- Religious belief --- Theological belief --- Belief and doubt --- Religion --- Salvation --- Theological virtues --- Trust in God --- Conflict management --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Social conflict --- Crisis management --- E-books
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The aim of this volume is to open up new perspectives and to raise new research questions about a unified approach to truth, modalities, and propositional attitudes. The volume's essays are grouped thematically around different research questions. The first theme concerns the tension between the theoretical role of the truth predicate in semantics and its expressive function in language. The second theme of the volume concerns the interaction of truth with modal and doxastic notions. The third theme covers higher-order solutions to the semantic and modal paradoxes, providing an alternative to first-order solutions embraced in the first two themes. This book will be of interest to researchers working in epistemology, logic, philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and semantics.
Truth. --- PHILOSOPHY Logic. --- Conviction --- Belief and doubt --- Philosophy --- Skepticism --- Certainty --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Pragmatism --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology
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Knowledge, Sociology of. --- Social epistemology. --- Truth. --- Conviction --- Belief and doubt --- Philosophy --- Skepticism --- Certainty --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Pragmatism --- Epistemology, Social --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Social role --- Knowledge, Sociology of --- Knowledge, Theory of (Sociology) --- Sociology of knowledge --- Communication --- Public opinion --- Sociology --- Social epistemology
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