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In the early 1990s, Singapore, the Malaysian state of Johor, and the Riau Islands in Indonesia sought to leverage their proximity, differing factor endowments, and good logistics connections to market themselves as an integrated unit. Beyond national-level support in all three countries, the initiative had the support of state and provincial leaders in Johor and Riau, respectively.Now, however, the situation is markedly different. The Malaysian government and its Johorean equivalent have invested considerable resources in encouraging closer integration with Singapore. For its part, the Indonesian central government has been promoting special economic zones and export-oriented activities. However, the provincial government of the Riau Islands has turned away from export-oriented industrialization, preferring instead to promote cultural sub-nationalism and traditional economic activities such as fishing and small-scale farming. This development is counter-intuitive. Traditional fiscal federalism theory argues that decentralization encourages competition between provinces for investment, jobs, and growth. While Indonesia has undergone one of the world's most far-reaching decentralization reforms, Malaysia has pursued a consistent centralization campaign at the expense of state governments. Thus, we would expect the Riau Islands' entrepreneurial drive to be unleashed, and Johor's to be smothered. However, Johor's drive for capital is undiminished, while the Riau Islands' pursuit of investment has dissipated. This monograph will explore the reasons for this paradox.'This book provides a path-breaking analysis of how Johor and the Riau Islands have competed with each other for FDI from Singapore in the electronics sector. It sheds light on how the institutional and incentive structures facing these regions have encouraged or discouraged policy innovation and dynamism. The rigorous analysis of financial and investment data in this book provides a convincing challenge to the conventional wisdom that proximity and cost differentials inevitably lead to closer economic integration.' - Professor Shujiro Urata, Waseda University

Investments, Singaporean --- Industries --- Decentralization in government --- Riau (Indonesia : Province) --- Johor (Malaysia) --- Economic policy. --- Centralization in government --- Devolution in government --- Government centralization --- Government decentralization --- Government devolution --- Political science --- Central-local government relations --- Federal government --- Local government --- Public administration --- Industrial production --- Industry --- Economics --- Investments, Singapore --- Singaporean investments --- Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Johore (Malaysia) --- Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Negeri Johor (Malaysia) --- Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- State of Johor (Malaysia) --- State of Johore (Malaysia) --- Dzhokhor --- Johor --- Riouw (Indonesia : Province) --- Rhio (Indonesia : Province) --- Riauw (Indonesia : Province) --- Riau, Indonesia (Propinsi) --- Pemda Tingkat I Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Pemerintah Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Propinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Pemprov Riau (Indonesia) --- Riau Provincial Administration (Indonesia) --- Industries, Primitive

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Twenty-five years ago, the governments of Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia agreed to jointly promote the city-state, the state of Johor in Malaysia, and the Riau Islands in Indonesia. Facilitated by common cultural references, a more distant shared history, and complementary attributes, interactions between the three territories developed quickly. Logistics networks have proliferated and production chains link firms based in one location with affiliates or transport facilities in the other territories. These cross-border links have enabled all three locations to develop their economies and enjoy rising standards of living.Initially economic in nature, the interactions between Singapore, Johor, and the Riau Islands have multiplied and grown deeper. Today, people cross the borders to work, go to school, or avail of an increasing range of goods and services. New political, social, and cultural phenomena have developed. Policymakers in the various territories now need to reconcile economic imperatives and issues of identity and sovereignty. Enabled by their proximity and increasing opportunities, families have also begun to straddle borders, with resulting questions about citizenship and belonging. Using the Cross-Border Region framework - which seeks to analyse these three territories as one entity simultaneously divided and bound together by its borders - this book brings together scholars from a range of disciplines. Its 18 chapters and more than 20 maps examine the interaction between Singapore, Johor, and the Riau Islands over the past quarter-century, and seek to shed light on how these territories could develop in the future.

Growth triangles --- Triangles, Growth --- Economic development --- Southeast Asia --- Riau (Indonesia : Province) --- Johor (Malaysia) --- Singapore --- Economic integration. --- Foreign economic relations --- E-books --- Ciṅkappūr --- Colony of Singapore --- Garden City --- Hsin-chia-pʻo --- Lion City --- Red Dot --- Republic of Singapore --- Republik Singapura --- Singapore City (Singapore) --- Singapore Colony --- Singapore (Singapore) --- Singapour --- Singapur --- Singapura --- Singkhapō --- Tumasik (Singapore) --- Xinjiapo --- Xinjiapo gong he guo --- Xinjiapo Gongheguo --- 新加坡 --- 新加坡共和国 --- Syonan-to --- Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Johore (Malaysia) --- Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- Negeri Johor (Malaysia) --- Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim (Malaysia) --- State of Johor (Malaysia) --- State of Johore (Malaysia) --- Dzhokhor --- Johor --- Riouw (Indonesia : Province) --- Rhio (Indonesia : Province) --- Riauw (Indonesia : Province) --- Riau, Indonesia (Propinsi) --- Pemda Tingkat I Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Pemerintah Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Provinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Propinsi Riau (Indonesia) --- Asia, Southeast --- Asia, Southeastern --- South East Asia --- Southeastern Asia --- Singapoer --- سنغافورة --- Sanghāfūrah --- Singhāfūrah --- Sinqapur --- Sin-ka-pho --- Сінгапур --- Sinhapur --- Сингапур --- Singgapura --- Σιγκαπούρη --- Sinkapoyrē --- Singapuro --- Singapul --- Sinngapuur --- Singeapór --- 싱가포르 --- Singgap'orŭ --- Singafora --- Sinapoa --- סינגפור --- Singapuri --- Sengapou --- Singapūras --- Singapūro Respublika --- Scingapô --- Szingapúr --- Singaporo --- Hingapoa --- シンガポール --- Shingapōru --- Pemprov Riau (Indonesia) --- Riau Provincial Administration (Indonesia)

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However impressive the economic success of Penang has been over the past four decades, structural conditions in the region call for a fundamental reconfiguration of this Malaysian state's competitive advantage. In the 1970s, the ageing entrepôt transformed itself into a manufacturing hub for the electronics industry and a well-known tourist site. This outward-looking model of economic growth has underpinned Penang's economic development up until the present. The question that now arises is whether Penang's present mode of development will continue to be effective, or whether it will have to transform itself. First, Malaysia in general, and Penang in particular are caught in a middle-income trap. Second, while the evolving weight of the global economy is shifting towards Asia, many of its emerging powers are competing with Penang in areas where it formerly excelled. Third, Penang is a state within a federation, and its capital, George Town, is a secondary city. Neither can rival Kuala Lumpur in terms of size or facilities, and thus must offer investors other attributes. Effectively meeting these challenges while retaining Penang's vibrant and living culture are the key issues that are dealt with in this second volume of the Penang Studies Series.

World Heritage areas --- Pulau Pinang (Malaysia : State) --- Economic conditions. --- History. --- Social life and customs. --- World Heritage sites --- Cultural property --- Historic sites --- Natural areas --- Negeri Pulau Pinang (Malaysia) --- Penang (Malaysia : State) --- Pinang (Malaysia : State) --- Pulau Pinang (State)