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This book is an introduction to statistics for linguists using the open source software R. It is aimed at students and instructors/professors with little or no statistical background and is written in a non-technical and reader-friendly/accessible style. It first introduces in detail the overall logic underlying quantitative studies: exploration, hypothesis formulation and operationalization, and the notion and meaning of significance tests. It then introduces some basics of the software R relevant to statistical data analysis. A chapter on descriptive statistics explains how summary statistics for frequencies, averages, and correlations are generated with R and how they are graphically represented best. A chapter on analytical statistics explains how statistical tests are performed in R on the basis of many different linguistic case studies: For nearly every single example, it is explained what the structure of the test looks like, how hypotheses are formulated, explored, and tested for statistical significance, how the results are graphically represented, and how one would summarize them in a paper/article. A chapter on selected multifactorial methods introduces how more complex research designs can be studied: methods for the study of multifactorial frequency data, correlations, tests for means, and binary response data are discussed and exemplified step-by-step. Also, the exploratory approach of hierarchical cluster analysis is illustrated in detail. The book comes with many exercises, boxes with short think breaks and warnings, recommendations for further study, and answer keys as well as a statistics for linguists newsgroup on the companion website. The volume is aimed at beginners on every level of linguistic education: undergraduate students, graduate students, and instructors/professors and can be used in any research methods and statistics class for linguists. It presupposes no quantitative/statistical knowledge whatsoever and, unlike most competing books, begins at step 1 for every method and explains everything explicitly.

Programming --- Mathematical linguistics --- Mathematical statistics --- Linguistics --- R (Computer program language) --- Linguistique --- R (Langage de programmation) --- Statistical methods --- Méthodes statistiques --- Computational linguistics. --- Computational logistics. --- Linguistics -- Statistical methods. --- R (Computer program language). --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- #KVHA:Methodologie --- #KVHA:Statistiek --- #KVHA:Taalkunde --- Computerlinguïstiek --- Linguïstiek --- R (programmeertaal) --- Statistical methods. --- statistische methoden --- Computerlinguïstiek. --- R (programmeertaal). --- statistische methoden. --- Méthodes statistiques --- GNU-S (Computer program language) --- Language and languages --- Linguistics, Statistical --- Statistical linguistics --- Domain-specific programming languages --- Linguistics - Statistical methods --- Corpus Linguistics. --- Linguistic Data. --- Statistic Analysis.

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In this classic of statistical mathematical theory, Harald Cramér joins the two major lines of development in the field: while British and American statisticians were developing the science of statistical inference, French and Russian probabilitists transformed the classical calculus of probability into a rigorous and pure mathematical theory. The result of Cramér's work is a masterly exposition of the mathematical methods of modern statistics that set the standard that others have since sought to follow. For anyone with a working knowledge of undergraduate mathematics the book is self contained. The first part is an introduction to the fundamental concept of a distribution and of integration with respect to a distribution. The second part contains the general theory of random variables and probability distributions while the third is devoted to the theory of sampling, statistical estimation, and tests of significance.

Mathematical statistics --- 519.2 --- 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics --- Probability. Mathematical statistics --- Mathematics --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Statistical methods --- Statistique mathématique --- Mathematical statistics. --- Statistique mathématique --- Statistique mathématique. --- Distribution (théorie des probabilités) --- Distribution (Probability theory) --- A priori probability. --- Addition theorem. --- Additive function. --- Analysis of covariance. --- Arithmetic mean. --- Axiom. --- Bayes' theorem. --- Bias of an estimator. --- Binomial distribution. --- Binomial theorem. --- Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem. --- Borel set. --- Bounded set (topological vector space). --- Calculation. --- Cartesian product. --- Central moment. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Characteristic polynomial. --- Coefficient. --- Commutative property. --- Confidence interval. --- Convergence of random variables. --- Correlation coefficient. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Degrees of freedom (statistics). --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension. --- Distribution (mathematics). --- Distribution function. --- Empirical distribution function. --- Equation. --- Estimation theory. --- Estimation. --- Identity matrix. --- Independence (probability theory). --- Interval (mathematics). --- Inverse probability. --- Invertible matrix. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Laplace distribution. --- Lebesgue integration. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration. --- Likelihood function. --- Limit (mathematics). --- Linear regression. --- Logarithm. --- Logarithmic derivative. --- Logarithmic scale. --- Marginal distribution. --- Mathematical analysis. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematical theory. --- Mathematics. --- Matrix (mathematics). --- Maxima and minima. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Method of moments (statistics). --- Metric space. --- Minor (linear algebra). --- Moment (mathematics). --- Moment matrix. --- Normal distribution. --- Numerical analysis. --- Parameter. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Poisson distribution. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Proportionality (mathematics). --- Quantity. --- Random variable. --- Realization (probability). --- Riemann integral. --- Sample space. --- Sampling (statistics). --- Scientific notation. --- Series (mathematics). --- Set (mathematics). --- Set function. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Standard deviation. --- Statistic. --- Statistical Science. --- Statistical hypothesis testing. --- Statistical inference. --- Statistical regularity. --- Statistical theory. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Transfinite number. --- Uniform distribution (discrete). --- Variable (mathematics). --- Variance. --- Weighted arithmetic mean. --- Z-test. --- Distribution (théorie des probabilités)

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The world is a better place than it used to be. People are wealthier and healthier, and live longer lives. Yet the escapes from destitution by so many have left gaping inequalities between people and between nations. In The Great Escape, Angus Deaton--one of the foremost experts on economic development and on poverty--tells the remarkable story of how, starting two hundred and fifty years ago, some parts of the world began to experience sustained progress, opening up gaps and setting the stage for today's hugely unequal world. Deaton takes an in-depth look at the historical and ongoing patterns behind the health and wealth of nations, and he addresses what needs to be done to help those left behind. Deaton describes vast innovations and wrenching setbacks: the successes of antibiotics, pest control, vaccinations, and clean water on the one hand, and disastrous famines and the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the other. He examines the United States, a nation that has prospered but is today experiencing slower growth and increasing inequality. He also considers how economic growth in India and China has improved the lives of more than a billion people. Deaton argues that international aid has been ineffective and even harmful. He suggests alternative efforts--including reforming incentives to drug companies and lifting trade restrictions--that will allow the developing world to bring about its own Great Escape. Demonstrating how changes in health and living standards have transformed our lives, The Great Escape is a powerful guide to addressing the well-being of all nations

Economic order --- Income distribution --- World health --- 339.325.0 --- 613 --- Levensstandaard en verbruikspeil (algemeenheden). --- Hygiene generally. Personal health and hygiene --- World health. --- Ongelijkheid --- Openbare gezondheidszorg --- Economische ontwikkeling. --- Openbare gezondheidszorg. --- Income distribution. --- Armoede. --- Ongelijkheid. --- AA / International- internationaal --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 313 --- 311.6 --- 330.56 --- sociale ongelijkheid --- 339.9 --- 338 <09> --- 330.56 Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- 338 <09> Economische geschiedenis --- Economische geschiedenis --- 339.9 Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Gezondheidstoestand van de bevolking. --- 301.17 --- Social stratification --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- Income --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Gezondheidstoestand van de bevolking --- Levensstandaard en verbruikspeil (algemeenheden) --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Global health --- International health --- Public health --- Medical geography --- International cooperation --- Wealth --- Health --- Equality --- Revenu --- Richesse --- Sociologie de la santé --- History. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Social aspects --- Répartition --- Histoire. --- Aspect moral --- Equality. --- Social classes. --- Social problems. --- Agriculture. --- Aid agency. --- Aid. --- Amartya Sen. --- Americans. --- Behalf. --- Bureaucrat. --- Calculation. --- Child mortality. --- Civil engineer. --- Civilization. --- Commodity. --- Debt. --- Demography. --- Developed country. --- Disaster. --- Disease. --- Drinking water. --- Economic growth. --- Economic inequality. --- Economy. --- Epidemic. --- Epidemiological transition. --- Exchange rate. --- Famine. --- Financial crisis. --- First World. --- Globalization. --- Grandparent. --- Gross domestic product. --- Health care. --- Household. --- Incentive. --- Income. --- Infant mortality. --- Inflation. --- Latin America. --- Life expectancy. --- Longevity. --- Malaria. --- Measures of national income and output. --- Middle class. --- Mortality rate. --- Old age. --- Pest control. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Population growth. --- Poverty reduction. --- Poverty. --- Public health. --- Salary. --- Sanitation. --- Smallpox. --- Standard of living. --- Statistic. --- Subsidy. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Third World. --- Tuberculosis. --- Wealth. --- Well-being. --- World Bank Group. --- World Bank. --- World War II. --- World population. --- Year. --- Zimbabwe.