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This thesis aims to initiate the investigation of aeroelastic risks of interflap seals. The latters are located between the inboard and outboard flaps in order to ensure an aerodynamic profile. They are made of an elastomeric material and reinforced by several plies of Glass-Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (G-CFRP). During test flights performed by the aircraft manufacturer, aeroelastic phenomena occurred on these parts. The issue was solved by increasing the number of plies of the reinforcement material. However, this solution is purely empirical and it makes their design quite cumbersome. A methodological study on the fluid and structure dynamics is therefore carried out in order to gain expertise to master aeroelastic risk of elastomeric structures. It should be stressed that an actual aeroelastic study is not conducted in this work. Indeed, the present work does not take into account the fluid-structure interaction which characterises aeroelastic phenomena. As a starting point, the fluid and structure dynamics are decoupled. A two-dimensional CFD analysis at low-subsonic conditions is performed and aims to identify the flow features which can be at the origin of the vibrations the seals suffered from. Additionally, it gives a more thorough understanding of the flow physics around a high-lift configuration (three-element airfoil). The analysis reveals the shedding of vortices at the trailing edge of the flap, causing quasi-periodic load oscillations on the latter geometry. The tendencies on the flow quantities of interest when the altitude and the angle of attack are modified are also identified, showing that the angle of attack may have a non-negligible impact. On the other hand, a structural analysis is done in order to extract the modal properties of the seals in their flight configuration (prestressed state). In parallel, an experimental analysis was performed in the purpose to validate the numerical model. The structural analysis allows to understand the influence of the prestress of the seals and the flap setting on the modal properties. However, those properties were obtained after the linearization of the highly non-linear structure and they must be interpreted with precaution. Finally, a qualitative comparison between the results from the CFD and structural analyses is made to briefly introduce and discuss the potential aeroelastic risks the structure may encounter in the investigated conditions. The evolution of the aerodynamic forces on the flap reports non-negligible amplitudes of oscillation with respect to the time-averaged value, especially if we consider flexible bodies such as the investigated seals. The excitation frequency at the nominal conditions is found dangerously close to the resonance frequencies of two modes of a particular stacking version of the seals. The excitation mechanism finally confirms the possibility for those modes to be excited.

CFD simulations --- Interflap seals --- Vortex shedding --- High-Lift Configuration --- Modal analysis --- Prestressed configuration --- Aeroelastic risks --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

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This book collects the accepted contributions to the Special Issue "The Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow" in the Energies journal of MDPI. It is focused more on practical applications of numerical codes than in its development. It covers a wide variety of topics, from aeroacoustics to aerodynamics and flow-particles interaction.

Information technology industries --- cave formation --- P-waves --- S-waves --- Stoneley wave --- scattered wave --- bluff body --- roughness model --- Venturi effect --- suppression hybrid control --- Lagrangian description --- Formula 1 --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- external aerodynamics --- OpenFoam --- snappyHexMesh --- incompressible flow --- Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) --- downforce --- drag --- vortex --- wake --- bluff body aerodynamics --- boundary layer separation --- vortex shedding --- Lagrangian vortex method --- vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) --- two-dimensional wake simulation --- finite vortex method --- vortex particle method --- three-dimensional effect correction model of the wake --- local radial point interpolation cumulant LBM --- aeroacoustics --- dispersion --- dissipation --- wind turbine --- immersed boundary method --- quasi multi-moment method --- incompressible Navier–Stokes equation --- dispersion-relation-preserving --- flow–structure interaction --- cave formation --- P-waves --- S-waves --- Stoneley wave --- scattered wave --- bluff body --- roughness model --- Venturi effect --- suppression hybrid control --- Lagrangian description --- Formula 1 --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- external aerodynamics --- OpenFoam --- snappyHexMesh --- incompressible flow --- Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) --- downforce --- drag --- vortex --- wake --- bluff body aerodynamics --- boundary layer separation --- vortex shedding --- Lagrangian vortex method --- vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) --- two-dimensional wake simulation --- finite vortex method --- vortex particle method --- three-dimensional effect correction model of the wake --- local radial point interpolation cumulant LBM --- aeroacoustics --- dispersion --- dissipation --- wind turbine --- immersed boundary method --- quasi multi-moment method --- incompressible Navier–Stokes equation --- dispersion-relation-preserving --- flow–structure interaction

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Fluid–structure interactions (FSIs) play a crucial role in the design, construction, service and maintenance of many engineering applications, e.g., aircraft, towers, pipes, offshore platforms and long-span bridges. The old Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) is probably one of the most infamous examples of serious accidents due to the action of FSIs. Aircraft wings and wind-turbine blades can be broken because of FSI-induced oscillations. To alleviate or eliminate these unfavorable effects, FSIs must be dealt with in ocean, coastal, offshore and marine engineering to design safe and sustainable engineering structures. In addition, the wind effects on plants and the resultant wind-induced motions are examples of FSIs in nature. To meet the objectives of progress and innovation in FSIs in various scenarios of engineering applications and control schemes, this book includes 15 research studies and collects the most recent and cutting-edge developments on these relevant issues. The topics cover different areas associated with FSIs, including wind loads, flow control, energy harvesting, buffeting and flutter, complex flow characteristics, train–bridge interactions and the application of neural networks in related fields. In summary, these complementary contributions in this publication provide a volume of recent knowledge in the growing field of FSIs.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- aerodynamic forces --- pressure distribution --- turbulence intensity --- twin-box girder --- trailing-edge reattachment --- trailing edge --- trailing-edge-changeable streamlined section mode --- limit cycle flutter --- hard flutter --- flutter stability --- wind engineering --- wind tunnel test --- wind-train-bridge system --- flow visualization --- flapping fringe --- CFD simulation --- vortex attenuation --- aerodynamics enhancement --- unsteady aerodynamic force --- single box girder --- Strouhal number --- linear stability analysis --- high-speed train --- enclosed housing for sound emission alleviation --- pressure wave --- unsteady aerodynamic pressure --- load patterns --- wake control --- drag reduction --- MSBC --- square cylinder --- numerical simulation --- wind characteristics --- wind tunnel testing --- complex terrain --- model truncation --- transition section --- deep learning --- prediction --- aerostatic performance --- shape --- convolutional neural networks --- long-span bridge --- buffeting response --- sectional model --- aerodynamic admittance --- integrated transfer function --- flow control --- traveling wave wall --- circular cylinder --- CFD --- wind turbines --- aerodynamic characteristics --- vortex shedding --- time domain method --- frequency domain method --- background and resonance coupled components --- wind induced dynamic responses --- equivalent static wind load --- aerodynamic shape optimization --- surrogate model --- wind energy harvester --- galloping --- passive jet control --- tower wake characteristics --- cobra probe --- aerodynamic forces --- pressure distribution --- turbulence intensity --- twin-box girder --- trailing-edge reattachment --- trailing edge --- trailing-edge-changeable streamlined section mode --- limit cycle flutter --- hard flutter --- flutter stability --- wind engineering --- wind tunnel test --- wind-train-bridge system --- flow visualization --- flapping fringe --- CFD simulation --- vortex attenuation --- aerodynamics enhancement --- unsteady aerodynamic force --- single box girder --- Strouhal number --- linear stability analysis --- high-speed train --- enclosed housing for sound emission alleviation --- pressure wave --- unsteady aerodynamic pressure --- load patterns --- wake control --- drag reduction --- MSBC --- square cylinder --- numerical simulation --- wind characteristics --- wind tunnel testing --- complex terrain --- model truncation --- transition section --- deep learning --- prediction --- aerostatic performance --- shape --- convolutional neural networks --- long-span bridge --- buffeting response --- sectional model --- aerodynamic admittance --- integrated transfer function --- flow control --- traveling wave wall --- circular cylinder --- CFD --- wind turbines --- aerodynamic characteristics --- vortex shedding --- time domain method --- frequency domain method --- background and resonance coupled components --- wind induced dynamic responses --- equivalent static wind load --- aerodynamic shape optimization --- surrogate model --- wind energy harvester --- galloping --- passive jet control --- tower wake characteristics --- cobra probe

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Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Wind Turbine (WT) modeling are becoming of key importance due to the relevant wind-generation impact on power systems. Wind integration into power systems must be carefully analyzed to forecast the effects on grid stability and reliability. Different agents, such as Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), focus on transient analyses. Wind turbine manufacturers, power system software developers, and technical consultants are also involved. WPP and WT dynamic models are often divided into two types: detailed and simplified. Detailed models are used for Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) simulations, providing both electrical and mechanical responses with high accuracy during short time intervals. Simplified models, also known as standard or generic models, are designed to give reliable responses, avoiding high computational resources. Simplified models are commonly used by TSOs and DSOs to carry out different transient stability studies, including loss of generation, switching of power lines or balanced faults, etc., Assessment and validation of such dynamic models is also a major issue due to the importance and difficulty of collecting real data. Solutions facing all these challenges, including the development, validation and application of WT and WPP models are presented in this Issue.

History of engineering & technology --- bearing current --- common mode current --- doubly fed induction generators --- permanent magnet synchronous generators --- wind turbine generator --- doubly-fed generator --- converter control --- short-circuit current --- second harmonic component --- low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) field test data --- complex terrain --- terrain-induced turbulence --- turbulence intensity --- LES --- vortex shedding --- frequency control --- wind power integration --- power system stability --- turbulence --- statistical modelling --- Wind Turbine (WT) --- Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) --- unbalanced grid voltage --- DC-linked voltage control --- Proportional Resonant with Resonant Harmonic Compensator (PR+HC) controller --- Adaptive Proportional Integral (API) control --- power control --- wind turbine near wake --- wind turbine wakes --- wake aerodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- rotor aerodynamics --- wind turbine validation --- MEXICO experiment --- wind energy --- model validation --- wind turbine aerodynamics --- wind farms --- wind turbines interaction --- wind farm modeling --- kernel density estimation --- multiple wind farms --- joint probability density --- ordinal optimization --- reactive power capability --- wind power plant --- wind power collection system --- aggregated, modelling --- wind integration studies --- long term voltage stability --- fault-ride through capability --- IEC 61400-27-1 --- Spanish PO 12.3 --- Type 3 wind turbine --- inertia --- wind power --- droop --- primary control --- frequency containment process --- wind integration --- demand response --- ancillary services --- wind turbine nacelle --- lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) --- magnetic field intensity --- shielding mesh --- wake steering --- yaw misalignment --- multi body simulation --- main bearing loads --- rain flow counts --- aeroelasticity --- multi-rotor system --- wind turbine --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) --- permanent-magnet synchronous-generator (PMSG) --- linear quadratic regulator (LQR) --- PI control algorithm --- LQR-PI control --- wind turbine blade --- large-eddy simulation --- turbulence evaluation index --- fatigue damage evaluation index --- DIgSILENT-PowerFactory --- MATLAB --- transient stability --- type 3 wind turbine --- DFIG --- field testing --- full-scale converter --- generic model --- validation --- HAWT --- aerodynamic characteristics --- dynamic yawing process --- near wake --- start-stop yaw velocity --- load frequency control (LFC) --- equivalent input disturbance (EID) --- active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) --- wind --- linear matrix inequalities (LMI) --- dynamic modeling --- grey-box parameter identification --- subspace identification --- recursive least squares --- optimal identification --- bearing current --- common mode current --- doubly fed induction generators --- permanent magnet synchronous generators --- wind turbine generator --- doubly-fed generator --- converter control --- short-circuit current --- second harmonic component --- low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) field test data --- complex terrain --- terrain-induced turbulence --- turbulence intensity --- LES --- vortex shedding --- frequency control --- wind power integration --- power system stability --- turbulence --- statistical modelling --- Wind Turbine (WT) --- Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) --- unbalanced grid voltage --- DC-linked voltage control --- Proportional Resonant with Resonant Harmonic Compensator (PR+HC) controller --- Adaptive Proportional Integral (API) control --- power control --- wind turbine near wake --- wind turbine wakes --- wake aerodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- rotor aerodynamics --- wind turbine validation --- MEXICO experiment --- wind energy --- model validation --- wind turbine aerodynamics --- wind farms --- wind turbines interaction --- wind farm modeling --- kernel density estimation --- multiple wind farms --- joint probability density --- ordinal optimization --- reactive power capability --- wind power plant --- wind power collection system --- aggregated, modelling --- wind integration studies --- long term voltage stability --- fault-ride through capability --- IEC 61400-27-1 --- Spanish PO 12.3 --- Type 3 wind turbine --- inertia --- wind power --- droop --- primary control --- frequency containment process --- wind integration --- demand response --- ancillary services --- wind turbine nacelle --- lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) --- magnetic field intensity --- shielding mesh --- wake steering --- yaw misalignment --- multi body simulation --- main bearing loads --- rain flow counts --- aeroelasticity --- multi-rotor system --- wind turbine --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) --- permanent-magnet synchronous-generator (PMSG) --- linear quadratic regulator (LQR) --- PI control algorithm --- LQR-PI control --- wind turbine blade --- large-eddy simulation --- turbulence evaluation index --- fatigue damage evaluation index --- DIgSILENT-PowerFactory --- MATLAB --- transient stability --- type 3 wind turbine --- DFIG --- field testing --- full-scale converter --- generic model --- validation --- HAWT --- aerodynamic characteristics --- dynamic yawing process --- near wake --- start-stop yaw velocity --- load frequency control (LFC) --- equivalent input disturbance (EID) --- active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) --- wind --- linear matrix inequalities (LMI) --- dynamic modeling --- grey-box parameter identification --- subspace identification --- recursive least squares --- optimal identification

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This book contains the successful submissions to a Special Issue of Energies entitled “Engineering Fluid Dynamics 2019–2020”. The topic of engineering fluid dynamics includes both experimental and computational studies. Of special interest were submissions from the fields of mechanical, chemical, marine, safety, and energy engineering. We welcomed original research articles and review articles. After one-and-a-half years, 59 papers were submitted and 31 were accepted for publication. The average processing time was about 41 days. The authors had the following geographical distribution: China (15); Korea (7); Japan (3); Norway (2); Sweden (2); Vietnam (2); Australia (1); Denmark (1); Germany (1); Mexico (1); Poland (1); Saudi Arabia (1); USA (1); Serbia (1). Papers covered a wide range of topics including analysis of free-surface waves, bridge girders, gear boxes, hills, radiation heat transfer, spillways, turbulent flames, pipe flow, open channels, jets, combustion chambers, welding, sprinkler, slug flow, turbines, thermoelectric power generation, airfoils, bed formation, fires in tunnels, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, and pumps.

History of engineering & technology --- CFD --- gap resonance --- hydrodynamic forces --- free surface waves --- URANS --- twin-box deck --- aerodynamics --- vortex shedding --- splash lubrication --- dynamic motion --- gearbox --- churning power losses --- non-inertial coordinate system --- ground roughness --- hill shape --- hill slope --- large-eddy simulations --- turbulent flow fields --- turbulent structure --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- large eddy simulations (LES) --- 3D hill --- canopy --- flow fields --- radiation --- blocked-off-region procedure --- heat recuperation --- anisotropic scattering --- mie particles --- numerical simulation --- horizontal face angle --- energy dissipation rates --- stepped spillway --- ultra-low specific speed magnetic drive pump --- orthogonal test --- splitter blades --- optimized design --- pressure fluctuation --- radial force --- dilution --- turbulent flame --- premixed --- OH --- CH2O --- planar laser-induced fluorescence --- self-excited oscillation jet --- organ–Helmholtz nozzle --- pulse waterjet --- pressure pulsation amplitude --- WMLES --- VLSMs --- LSMs --- turbulent boundary flow --- roughness --- surrogate model --- deep neural network --- multiphase flow --- horizontal pipe --- liquid holdup --- pressure gradient --- coherent structures --- turbulent boundary layer --- stability --- pre-multiplied wind velocity spectrum --- spatial correlation coefficient field --- tunnel fires --- jet fan speed --- heat release rate --- aspect ratio --- smoke movement --- visibility --- smoke layer thickness --- smoke stratification --- orifice shape --- vertical jet --- velocity ratio --- numerical investigation --- hydraulic characteristics --- impinging water jet --- impinging height --- numerical calculation --- swirler --- optimized --- genetic algorithms --- recirculation --- combustion --- experimental validation --- welding spatter --- distribution --- shield arc metal welding --- particle heat transfer --- fire risk --- sprinkler --- fire dynamics simulator (FDS) --- fire suppression --- extinguishing coefficient --- smoke logging --- smoke spread --- pipe insulation --- fire growth rate index --- scale factor --- volume fraction --- ignition heat source --- maximum heat release rate --- time to reach maximum HRR (heat release rate) --- control --- cylinder --- energy efficiency --- clamping --- pneumatics --- unsteady RANS simulation --- two-phase flow --- riser-induced slug flow --- LedaFlow --- VOF-model --- evacuation --- interaction between smoke and evacuees --- inner smoke force --- modified BR-smoke model --- twin H-rotor vertical-axis turbines --- wake --- instability --- wavelet transform --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiphysics --- heat transfer --- thermoelectricity --- automotive --- traditional market --- fire spread rate --- radiant heat flux --- separation distance --- rotor stator interaction --- boundary layer --- secondary vortex --- unsteady flow --- submerged jet --- climate change --- renewable energy --- wind power --- accelerators --- turbines --- power extraction --- Betz --- freestream theory --- hybrid simulation method --- multi-fluid model --- discrete element method, sedimentation, bed formation --- PIV --- shell-and-tube --- shell side --- tube bundle --- heat exchanger --- baffle --- maldistribution --- CFD --- gap resonance --- hydrodynamic forces --- free surface waves --- URANS --- twin-box deck --- aerodynamics --- vortex shedding --- splash lubrication --- dynamic motion --- gearbox --- churning power losses --- non-inertial coordinate system --- ground roughness --- hill shape --- hill slope --- large-eddy simulations --- turbulent flow fields --- turbulent structure --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- large eddy simulations (LES) --- 3D hill --- canopy --- flow fields --- radiation --- blocked-off-region procedure --- heat recuperation --- anisotropic scattering --- mie particles --- numerical simulation --- horizontal face angle --- energy dissipation rates --- stepped spillway --- ultra-low specific speed magnetic drive pump --- orthogonal test --- splitter blades --- optimized design --- pressure fluctuation --- radial force --- dilution --- turbulent flame --- premixed --- OH --- CH2O --- planar laser-induced fluorescence --- self-excited oscillation jet --- organ–Helmholtz nozzle --- pulse waterjet --- pressure pulsation amplitude --- WMLES --- VLSMs --- LSMs --- turbulent boundary flow --- roughness --- surrogate model --- deep neural network --- multiphase flow --- horizontal pipe --- liquid holdup --- pressure gradient --- coherent structures --- turbulent boundary layer --- stability --- pre-multiplied wind velocity spectrum --- spatial correlation coefficient field --- tunnel fires --- jet fan speed --- heat release rate --- aspect ratio --- smoke movement --- visibility --- smoke layer thickness --- smoke stratification --- orifice shape --- vertical jet --- velocity ratio --- numerical investigation --- hydraulic characteristics --- impinging water jet --- impinging height --- numerical calculation --- swirler --- optimized --- genetic algorithms --- recirculation --- combustion --- experimental validation --- welding spatter --- distribution --- shield arc metal welding --- particle heat transfer --- fire risk --- sprinkler --- fire dynamics simulator (FDS) --- fire suppression --- extinguishing coefficient --- smoke logging --- smoke spread --- pipe insulation --- fire growth rate index --- scale factor --- volume fraction --- ignition heat source --- maximum heat release rate --- time to reach maximum HRR (heat release rate) --- control --- cylinder --- energy efficiency --- clamping --- pneumatics --- unsteady RANS simulation --- two-phase flow --- riser-induced slug flow --- LedaFlow --- VOF-model --- evacuation --- interaction between smoke and evacuees --- inner smoke force --- modified BR-smoke model --- twin H-rotor vertical-axis turbines --- wake --- instability --- wavelet transform --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiphysics --- heat transfer --- thermoelectricity --- automotive --- traditional market --- fire spread rate --- radiant heat flux --- separation distance --- rotor stator interaction --- boundary layer --- secondary vortex --- unsteady flow --- submerged jet --- climate change --- renewable energy --- wind power --- accelerators --- turbines --- power extraction --- Betz --- freestream theory --- hybrid simulation method --- multi-fluid model --- discrete element method, sedimentation, bed formation --- PIV --- shell-and-tube --- shell side --- tube bundle --- heat exchanger --- baffle --- maldistribution