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The expansion of urban areas has facilitated the conversion of undeveloped lands, which has led to environmental degradation, such as loss of habitats, hydro-modification, and the collapse of existing ecosystems. Recent climate change has exacerbated these damages by causing more frequent and serious hazards. To attenuate the impacts of urbanization and the negative effects of climate change, green infrastructure (GI) planning (e.g., nature-based strategies, technologies, policies, and solutions) has arisen as an important approach for balancing urban development and nature. GI offers a variety of benefits to our cities by reducing stormwater runoff, heat waves, and air pollution; expanding wildlife habitats; and increasing recreational opportunities and even nearby property values.

Research & information: general --- Meteorology & climatology --- stormwater management --- urban heat island --- cost–benefit analysis --- ecosystem services --- urban green infrastructure --- green infrastructure --- indexing --- random forest --- interpretation of machine learning --- urbanization --- shapley additive explanation --- park characteristic --- extreme gradient boost --- Dallas --- land use land cover --- construction site --- particulate matter emissions --- emission factor --- prediction technology --- urban shrinkage --- vacancy parcel data --- multilevel analysis --- predicting vacancy --- access inequity --- systematic mapping --- empirical studies --- city scale --- inequity mitigation --- stormwater management --- urban heat island --- cost–benefit analysis --- ecosystem services --- urban green infrastructure --- green infrastructure --- indexing --- random forest --- interpretation of machine learning --- urbanization --- shapley additive explanation --- park characteristic --- extreme gradient boost --- Dallas --- land use land cover --- construction site --- particulate matter emissions --- emission factor --- prediction technology --- urban shrinkage --- vacancy parcel data --- multilevel analysis --- predicting vacancy --- access inequity --- systematic mapping --- empirical studies --- city scale --- inequity mitigation

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Fossil fuels leaded the 21st century industrial revolution but caused some critical problems such as exhaustion of resources and global warming. Also, current power plants require too much high cost and long time for establishment and facilities to provide electricity. Thus, developing new power production systems with environmental friendliness and low-cost is critical global needs. There are some emerging energy harvesting technologies such as thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric nanogenerators, which have great advantages on eco-friendly low-cost materials, simple fabrication, and various operating sources. Since the introduction of various energy harvesting technologies, many novel designs and applications as power suppliers and physical sensors in the world have been demonstrated based on their unique advantages. In this Special Issue, we would like to address and share basic approaches, new designs, and industrial applications related to thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric devices which are on-going in Korea. With this Special Issue, we aim to promote fundamental understanding and to find novel ways to achieve industrial product manufacturing for energy harvesters.

triboelectric nanogenerators --- carbon nanotube --- mesoporous composite polymer --- organic composites --- railroad vehicle --- rolling stock --- suspension system --- remnant polarization --- water wave energy --- oxygen vacancy --- energy harvesting --- PVDF --- thermoelectric --- high dielectric constant --- advanced driver assistance technology --- thin film --- sensor --- wireless chemical sensor --- energy-harvesting metamaterial --- metamaterial sensor --- thermoelectric generator --- nanoimprinting --- superhydrophobic surface --- layer-by-layer --- high deformability --- metal oxidation --- IoT technology --- TiO_2?x nanoparticle --- spray method --- piezoelectric --- graphene --- shock absorber --- ferroelectric --- frictional force --- axle bearing --- femtosecond laser --- carbon nanotubes --- mechanical energy --- polymers --- mechanical fatigue resistance --- gapless --- power factor --- nanostructures --- triboelectric generator --- hybrid energy --- microstructures --- triboelectric nanogenerator --- triboelectric nanogenerators --- carbon nanotube --- mesoporous composite polymer --- organic composites --- railroad vehicle --- rolling stock --- suspension system --- remnant polarization --- water wave energy --- oxygen vacancy --- energy harvesting --- PVDF --- thermoelectric --- high dielectric constant --- advanced driver assistance technology --- thin film --- sensor --- wireless chemical sensor --- energy-harvesting metamaterial --- metamaterial sensor --- thermoelectric generator --- nanoimprinting --- superhydrophobic surface --- layer-by-layer --- high deformability --- metal oxidation --- IoT technology --- TiO_2?x nanoparticle --- spray method --- piezoelectric --- graphene --- shock absorber --- ferroelectric --- frictional force --- axle bearing --- femtosecond laser --- carbon nanotubes --- mechanical energy --- polymers --- mechanical fatigue resistance --- gapless --- power factor --- nanostructures --- triboelectric generator --- hybrid energy --- microstructures --- triboelectric nanogenerator

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This book aims to convey the most recent progress in hardware-driven neuromorphic systems based on semiconductor memory technologies. Machine learning systems and various types of artificial neural networks to realize the learning process have mainly focused on software technologies. Tremendous advances have been made, particularly in the area of data inference and recognition, in which humans have great superiority compared to conventional computers. In order to more effectively mimic our way of thinking in a further hardware sense, more synapse-like components in terms of integration density, completeness in realizing biological synaptic behaviors, and most importantly, energy-efficient operation capability, should be prepared. For higher resemblance with the biological nervous system, future developments ought to take power consumption into account and foster revolutions at the device level, which can be realized by memory technologies. This book consists of seven articles in which most recent research findings on neuromorphic systems are reported in the highlights of various memory devices and architectures. Synaptic devices and their behaviors, many-core neuromorphic platforms in close relation with memory, novel materials enabling the low-power synaptic operations based on memory devices are studied, along with evaluations and applications. Some of them can be practically realized due to high Si processing and structure compatibility with contemporary semiconductor memory technologies in production, which provides perspectives of neuromorphic chips for mass production.

Technology: general issues --- Energy industries & utilities --- leaky integrate-and-fire neuron --- vanadium dioxide --- neural network --- pattern recognition --- a-IGZO memristor --- Schottky barrier tunneling --- non filamentary resistive switching --- gradual and abrupt modulation --- bimodal distribution of effective Schottky barrier height --- ionized oxygen vacancy --- energy consumption --- hardware-based neuromorphic system --- synaptic device --- Si processing compatibility --- TCAD device simulation --- benchmarking neuromorphic HW --- neuromorphic platform --- spiNNaker --- spinMPI --- MPI for neuromorphic HW --- Boyer-Moore --- DNA matching algorithm --- flexible electronics --- neuromorphic engineering --- organic field-effect transistors --- synaptic devices --- short-term plasticity --- neuromorphic system --- on-chip learning --- overlapping pattern issue --- spiking neural network --- 3-D neuromorphic system --- 3-D stacked synapse array --- charge-trap flash synapse --- leaky integrate-and-fire neuron --- vanadium dioxide --- neural network --- pattern recognition --- a-IGZO memristor --- Schottky barrier tunneling --- non filamentary resistive switching --- gradual and abrupt modulation --- bimodal distribution of effective Schottky barrier height --- ionized oxygen vacancy --- energy consumption --- hardware-based neuromorphic system --- synaptic device --- Si processing compatibility --- TCAD device simulation --- benchmarking neuromorphic HW --- neuromorphic platform --- spiNNaker --- spinMPI --- MPI for neuromorphic HW --- Boyer-Moore --- DNA matching algorithm --- flexible electronics --- neuromorphic engineering --- organic field-effect transistors --- synaptic devices --- short-term plasticity --- neuromorphic system --- on-chip learning --- overlapping pattern issue --- spiking neural network --- 3-D neuromorphic system --- 3-D stacked synapse array --- charge-trap flash synapse

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As almost all human activities have been moved online due to the pandemic, novel robust and efficient approaches and further research have been in higher demand in the field of computer science and telecommunication. Therefore, this (reprint) book contains 13 high-quality papers presenting advancements in theoretical and practical aspects of computer recognition, pattern recognition, image processing and machine learning (shallow and deep), including, in particular, novel implementations of these techniques in the areas of modern telecommunications and cybersecurity.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- pointer instrumentation --- image processing --- object detection --- K-fold cross-validation --- Faster-RCNN --- vein detection --- digital image processing --- correlation --- displacement measurement --- semantic segmentation --- farmland vacancy segmentation --- strip pooling --- crop growth assessment --- encoder–decoder --- monotone curve --- tangent circle --- adjacent circle --- area of location of the curve --- contour --- fingerprinting --- malware analysis --- malicious network traffic analysis --- HTTP protocol analysis --- pcap file analysis --- malware tracking --- malware identification --- graph theory --- smart meter --- smart metering --- wireless sensor network --- interpolation --- tangent line --- curvature --- error --- ellipse --- B-spline --- dynamic dedicated path protection --- generic Dijkstra algorithm --- elastic optical network --- modulation constraints --- ECG signal --- classification --- PTB-XL --- deep learning --- computer vision --- adversarial attacks --- adversarial defences --- image quality assessment --- stitched images --- panoramic images --- image analysis --- image entropy --- NetFlow --- network intrusion detection --- network behavior analysis --- data quality --- feature selection --- fronthaul --- Xhaul --- DSB-RFoF --- A-RoF --- B5G --- 6G --- DIPP --- optical channel selection --- n/a --- encoder-decoder

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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.

Research & information: general --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals