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Highly emotional events tend to be well remembered. The adaptive value in this is clear – those events that have a bearing on survival should be stored for future use as long-term memories whereas memories of inconsequential events would not as likely contribute to future survival. Enduring changes in the structure and function of synapses, neural circuitry, and ultimately behavior, can be modulated by highly aversive or rewarding experiences. In the last decade, the convergence of cellular, molecular, and systems neuroscience has produced new insights into the biological mechanisms that determine whether a memory will be stored for the long-term or lost forever. This Research Topic brings together leading experts, who work at multiple levels of analysis, to reveal recent discoveries and concepts regarding the synaptic mechanisms of consolidation and extinction of emotionally arousing memories.

Synapses. --- Neurology --- Memory, Long-Term --- Synapses --- Brain Stimulation --- Amygdala --- BDNF --- PDE4 --- reconsolidation --- Fear conditioning --- posttraumatic stress disorder --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- CREB --- extinction --- Sleep --- gamma oscillations --- Research. --- physiology.

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases

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Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are the most common pathologies of the central nervous system currently without a cure. They share common molecular and cellular characteristics, including protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by their multifactorial etiology. Natural products, thanks to their multitarget activities, are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegeneration. This book deals with two different forms of natural products: extracts and isolated compounds. The study of the bioactivity of the extracts is extremely important as many studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination of different natural products. On the other hand, the investigation of the activity of specifically isolated natural products can be also important to understand their cellular and molecular mechanisms and to define the specific bioactive components in extracts or foods. This book can be considered an important contribution to knowledge of the neuroprotective effect of natural products and presents a great deal of information, related to both the benefits but also the limitations of their use in counteracting neurodegeneration.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Vitamin D --- Multiple Sclerosis --- symptom --- neurodegeneration --- oxidative injury --- Parkinson’s disease --- terpenes, rotenone --- thymol --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Centella asiatica --- hippocampus --- protein poshophatase 2 --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- B-cell lymphoma 2 --- neuroprotection --- nutraceuticals --- bioavailability --- stress response --- neurodegenerative disease --- bioactive compound --- natural extract --- β-amyloid peptide --- tau protein --- clinical trial --- human studies --- animal studies --- in vitro studies --- curcumin --- free radicals --- heme oxygenase --- safety profile --- type 2 diabetes --- inflammation --- vascular damage --- learning --- memory --- natural compound --- oxidative stress --- cognitive dysfunction --- cell death --- synapse loss --- protein aggregation --- neuroinflammation --- algae --- seaweeds --- neurodegenerative diseases --- auraptene --- dopamine neuron --- antioxidant --- mitochondria --- Chionanthus retusus --- flavonoid --- flower --- HO-1 --- NO --- Lippia citriodora --- VEE --- Vs --- relaxation --- depression --- cyclic AMP --- calcium --- blood–brain barrier --- catechin --- cognition --- epigallocatechin gallate --- green tea --- microbiota --- 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone --- ascaroside pheromone --- C. elegans --- dauer --- neuronal signaling --- sexual behavior --- survival signals --- proteostasis --- chaperones --- autophagy --- ubiquitin-proteasome --- unfolded protein response --- natural compounds --- natural products --- ethics --- patients’ autonomy --- beneficence --- nonmaleficence --- medical liability --- Parkinson’s disease (PD) --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- dynamics --- hormesis --- ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) --- mitophagy --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- blood-brain barrier --- patients' autonomy --- Parkinson's disease (PD)