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Why do secular states pursue different policies toward religion? This book provides a generalizable argument about the impact of ideological struggles on the public policy making process, as well as a state-religion regimes index of 197 countries. More specifically, it analyzes why American state policies are largely tolerant of religion, whereas French and Turkish policies generally prohibit its public visibility, as seen in their bans on Muslim headscarves. In the United States, the dominant ideology is 'passive secularism', which requires the state to play a passive role, by allowing public visibility of religion. Dominant ideology in France and Turkey is 'assertive secularism', which demands that the state play an assertive role in excluding religion from the public sphere. Passive and assertive secularism became dominant in these cases through certain historical processes, particularly the presence or absence of an ancien régime based on the marriage between monarchy and hegemonic religion during state-building periods.

Religion and state --- Religion and state. --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Religious studies --- United States --- Turkey --- Religion et Etat --- France --- 261.7 --- 261.7 De Kerk en de burgerlijke macht: Kerk en Staat; godsdienstvrijheid; verdraagzaamheid; tolerantie:--theologische aspecten --- De Kerk en de burgerlijke macht: Kerk en Staat; godsdienstvrijheid; verdraagzaamheid; tolerantie:--theologische aspecten --- State and religion --- State, The --- Religious aspects --- Social Sciences --- Sociology --- secularism --- state policy toward religion --- state regulation of religion --- religious leaders --- authoritarian government --- religious expression --- democracy --- separatist secularism

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The book provides assessments and evaluations of emerging trends in the electricity markets, with a focus on high-renewables electricity systems. Specifically, various issues are examined, such as wind and solar energy, interconnection, smart meters, smart grids of the future (including their social implications), and peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading, which is closely connected to the principle of a sharing economy. The book also contemplates how the market design for a high-renewables electricity system would be different from the classical post-liberalization market design.

Research & information: general --- renewable energy --- sustainable development --- gross domestic product --- GDP --- electrical capacity --- energy intensity --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- energy policy --- wholesale market design --- Electricity markets --- power system --- conceptual architecture --- distributed generation --- flexible resources --- local electricity markets --- electricity market design --- direct current --- distribution system --- local market --- flexibility --- microgrids --- continuous double auction --- Q-learning algorithm --- battery energy storage system, Q-cube framework --- bidding strategy --- emissions trading --- electricity price --- econometric modeling --- time series analysis --- emission allowance --- electricity market --- speculative trading --- forward market --- integration of renewable sources --- integrated markets --- co-optimization --- reserve allocation --- biofuels --- electricity generation --- power sector --- biomass --- Jatropha curcas --- system integration --- power industry --- state policy --- smart metering --- tariff rates --- system marginal price --- renewable energy sources --- photovoltaics --- day ahead market --- merit order curve --- electricity demand --- seasonal and daily variation --- RES (renewable energy sources) surcharge --- energy market --- artificial intelligence --- digital platform --- peer-to-peer --- trading mechanism --- clearing model --- clearing algorithm --- trading platform --- sustainability --- Internet of Energy --- smart meters --- smart grid --- husk --- energy supply --- efficiency --- carbon dioxide --- emissions --- energy efficiency --- economic growth --- energy consumption --- Czech Republic --- Slovakia