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This is an open access book discusses readers to various methods of modeling plans and policies that address public sector issues and problems. Written for public policy and social sciences students at the upper undergraduate and graduate level, as well as public sector decision-makers, it demonstrates and compares the development and use of various deterministic and probabilistic optimization and simulation modeling methods for analyzing planning and management issues. These modeling tools offer a means of identifying and evaluating alternative plans and policies based on their physical, economic, environmental, and social impacts. Learning how to develop and use the mathematical modeling tools introduced in this book will give students useful skills when in positions of having to make informed public policy recommendations or decisions.

Public administration --- Operational research --- Optimization --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Public systems planning --- Public management --- Operations research --- Models for policy analyses --- Public evaluation --- Policy Analysis --- Public policy analysis --- Linear Optimization Modeling --- Discrete Optimization Modeling --- Lagrangian Models --- Simulation Modeling

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Afforestation/reforestation (or forestation) has been implemented worldwide as an effective measure towards sustainable ecosystem services and addresses global environmental problems such as climate change. The conversion of grasslands, croplands, shrublands, or bare lands to forests can dramatically alter forest water, energy, and carbon cycles and, thus, ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration, soil erosion control, and water quality improvement). Large-scale afforestation/reforestation is typically driven by policies and, in turn, can also have substantial socioeconomic impacts. To enable success, forestation endeavors require novel approaches that involve a series of complex processes and interdisciplinary sciences. For example, exotic or fast-growing tree species are often used to improve soil conditions of degraded lands or maximize productivity, and it often takes a long time to understand and quantify the consequences of such practices at watershed or regional scales. Maintaining the sustainability of man-made forests is becoming increasingly challenging under a changing environment and disturbance regime changes such as wildland fires, urbanization, drought, air pollution, climate change, and socioeconomic change. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on case studies of the drivers, dynamics, and impacts of afforestation/reforestation at regional, national, or global scales. These new studies provide an update on the scientific advances related to forestation. This information is urgently needed by land managers and policy makers to better manage forest resources in today’s rapidly changing environments.

simulation modeling --- shear strength --- stand structure --- vegetation restoration --- surface runoff --- soil and water conservation function --- soil enzymes --- riverbank --- evapotranspiration --- human activity --- afforestation --- Artemisia ordosica --- forest cover --- precipitation variation --- soil bioengineering --- base flow --- Poyang Lake Basin --- in situ calibration --- quantification --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- photoprotection --- remote sensing --- root distribution --- ecosystem model --- CASA --- afforestation ecosystem --- phenophase --- vegetation cover change --- soil characteristics --- Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. mixed plantations --- composted pine bark --- water-energy balance --- sediment load --- soil respiration --- energy partitioning --- soil microbial biomass --- transpiration --- net primary productivity --- spatio-temporal scales --- seedling quality --- peat moss --- fresh pine sawdust --- understory plants --- ring-porous trees --- different climatic conditions --- dye tests --- structural equation model --- Loess Plateau --- evapotranspiration (ET) --- Pinus engelmannii Carr. --- empirical statistics --- heat dissipation probes --- MODIS --- slope change ratio of cumulative quantities (SCRCQ) --- soil water balance --- LAI --- climate fluctuation --- BTOPMC model --- living brush mattress --- vegetation greening --- streamflow

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This book presents a collection of papers revealing the impact of advanced computation and instrumentation on healthcare. It highlights the increasing global trend driving innovation for a new era of multifunctional technologies for personalized digital healthcare. Moreover, it highlights that contemporary research on healthcare is performed on a multidisciplinary basis comprising computational engineering, biomedicine, biomedical engineering, electronic engineering, and automation engineering, among other areas.

Medicine --- eHealth --- mHealth --- telemedicine --- telehealth --- social sciences --- bibliometrics --- telediagnostic --- project management --- funding --- IT infrastructure --- cross-border multiprofessional team --- European Union --- Interreg --- reporting --- quality control --- resident --- diagnostic error --- artificial intelligence --- healthcare AI --- deployment and scaling --- medical center --- critical factors --- stakeholders --- health information technology --- information sharing --- hospital costs --- poverty ratio --- concentration --- continuous glucose monitoring --- insulin pump --- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion --- pediatric diabetes --- biomedical data --- medical imaging --- shared data --- massive databases --- AI-based healthcare solutions --- trueness --- 3D printing --- milling --- interim dental crown --- digital dentistry --- dental device --- data mining --- bio-signal analysis --- bio-signal repository --- execution engine --- bio-signal monitoring --- digital healthcare --- patient-centric --- blockchain --- federated learning --- coronavirus (COVID-19) --- pandemic management --- healthcare transformation --- public health strategies --- stroke detection --- portable head scanner --- low-intensity EM waves --- intrinsically safe --- low carbon footprint --- orthodontic treatment --- clear aligners --- smart application --- AI --- computerized learning --- behavior change techniques --- decision tree algorithm --- digital interventions --- mental health literacy --- audiovisual --- dentistry --- computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery --- ultrasounds --- chemomechanical caries removal --- modern technologies --- laser --- ozone --- healthcare --- emergency department --- patient flow --- simulation modeling --- agent-based modeling --- pandemic decision support --- additive manufacturing --- patient-centric dosage form --- eHealth --- mHealth --- telemedicine --- telehealth --- social sciences --- bibliometrics --- telediagnostic --- project management --- funding --- IT infrastructure --- cross-border multiprofessional team --- European Union --- Interreg --- reporting --- quality control --- resident --- diagnostic error --- artificial intelligence --- healthcare AI --- deployment and scaling --- medical center --- critical factors --- stakeholders --- health information technology --- information sharing --- hospital costs --- poverty ratio --- concentration --- continuous glucose monitoring --- insulin pump --- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion --- pediatric diabetes --- biomedical data --- medical imaging --- shared data --- massive databases --- AI-based healthcare solutions --- trueness --- 3D printing --- milling --- interim dental crown --- digital dentistry --- dental device --- data mining --- bio-signal analysis --- bio-signal repository --- execution engine --- bio-signal monitoring --- digital healthcare --- patient-centric --- blockchain --- federated learning --- coronavirus (COVID-19) --- pandemic management --- healthcare transformation --- public health strategies --- stroke detection --- portable head scanner --- low-intensity EM waves --- intrinsically safe --- low carbon footprint --- orthodontic treatment --- clear aligners --- smart application --- AI --- computerized learning --- behavior change techniques --- decision tree algorithm --- digital interventions --- mental health literacy --- audiovisual --- dentistry --- computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery --- ultrasounds --- chemomechanical caries removal --- modern technologies --- laser --- ozone --- healthcare --- emergency department --- patient flow --- simulation modeling --- agent-based modeling --- pandemic decision support --- additive manufacturing --- patient-centric dosage form

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This research topic aims at enterprise-wide modeling and optimization (EWMO) through the development and application of integrated modeling, simulation and optimization methodologies, and computer-aided tools for reliable and sustainable improvement opportunities within the entire manufacturing network (raw materials, production plants, distribution, retailers, and customers) and its components. This integrated approach incorporates information from the local primary control and supervisory modules into the scheduling/planning formulation. That makes it possible to dynamically react to incidents that occur in the network components at the appropriate decision-making level, requiring fewer resources, emitting less waste, and allowing for better responsiveness in changing market requirements and operational variations, reducing cost, waste, energy consumption and environmental impact, and increasing the benefits. More recently, the exploitation of new technology integration, such as through semantic models in formal knowledge models, allows for the capture and utilization of domain knowledge, human knowledge, and expert knowledge toward comprehensive intelligent management. Otherwise, the development of advanced technologies and tools, such as cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, etc., have captured the attention of manufacturing enterprises toward intelligent manufacturing systems.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- manufacturing process --- additive manufacturing --- IoT --- computer systems and networks --- 3D printing --- digital twin --- Industry 4.0 --- pharmaceutical manufacturing --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- process modeling --- mixed-integer linear programming --- bin-packing problem --- material requirements planning --- agri-supply chain management --- variable production rate --- optimal resources --- imperfect production --- eco-efficient production --- closed-loop scheduling --- scheduling stability --- optimal control and scheduling --- fouling --- heat exchanger networks --- continuous manufacturing --- bioprocessing --- process systems engineering --- single-use technology --- AGV-Automated Guided Vehicles --- DES-Discrete Event Simulation --- FMS-Flexible Manufacturing Systems --- OEE-Overall Equipment Efficiency --- WCLcWorld Class Logistic --- abrasive water jet --- cutting --- surface quality --- quality prediction --- 3D simulation modeling and analysis --- model implementation --- bottleneck analysis --- production costs --- resource conservation --- smart manufacturing --- edge computing --- machine learning --- blockchain --- Industrial Internet of Things --- inventory management --- supply chain --- multi-echelon --- stochastic programming --- reinforcement learning --- digitalisation --- model-based --- computational engineering --- process simulation --- LNG terminal --- operational optimization --- BOG compressor --- MINLP --- enterprise process architecture --- new technologies integration --- process intelligence --- real-time monitoring --- fault detection --- predictive process adjustment --- vacuum gripper --- sensor data --- Tri-X Intelligence --- cyber-physical systems --- human-cyber systems --- intelligent systems --- intelligent manufacturing --- multi-parametric programming --- explicit MPC --- enterprise-wide optimisation --- set-point tracking --- algebraic geometry --- continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing --- model predictive control --- state estimation --- quality-by-control (QbC) --- glidant effects --- plant-model mismatch --- regional logistics --- low-carbon economy --- cloud model --- comprehensive evaluation --- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region --- pharmaceutical manufacture --- uncertainty --- operational flexibility --- operational envelopes --- modeling --- manufacturing process --- additive manufacturing --- IoT --- computer systems and networks --- 3D printing --- digital twin --- Industry 4.0 --- pharmaceutical manufacturing --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- process modeling --- mixed-integer linear programming --- bin-packing problem --- material requirements planning --- agri-supply chain management --- variable production rate --- optimal resources --- imperfect production --- eco-efficient production --- closed-loop scheduling --- scheduling stability --- optimal control and scheduling --- fouling --- heat exchanger networks --- continuous manufacturing --- bioprocessing --- process systems engineering --- single-use technology --- AGV-Automated Guided Vehicles --- DES-Discrete Event Simulation --- FMS-Flexible Manufacturing Systems --- OEE-Overall Equipment Efficiency --- WCLcWorld Class Logistic --- abrasive water jet --- cutting --- surface quality --- quality prediction --- 3D simulation modeling and analysis --- model implementation --- bottleneck analysis --- production costs --- resource conservation --- smart manufacturing --- edge computing --- machine learning --- blockchain --- Industrial Internet of Things --- inventory management --- supply chain --- multi-echelon --- stochastic programming --- reinforcement learning --- digitalisation --- model-based --- computational engineering --- process simulation --- LNG terminal --- operational optimization --- BOG compressor --- MINLP --- enterprise process architecture --- new technologies integration --- process intelligence --- real-time monitoring --- fault detection --- predictive process adjustment --- vacuum gripper --- sensor data --- Tri-X Intelligence --- cyber-physical systems --- human-cyber systems --- intelligent systems --- intelligent manufacturing --- multi-parametric programming --- explicit MPC --- enterprise-wide optimisation --- set-point tracking --- algebraic geometry --- continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing --- model predictive control --- state estimation --- quality-by-control (QbC) --- glidant effects --- plant-model mismatch --- regional logistics --- low-carbon economy --- cloud model --- comprehensive evaluation --- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region --- pharmaceutical manufacture --- uncertainty --- operational flexibility --- operational envelopes --- modeling