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The main thrust of this Element is a critical assessment of the theory and evidence concerning the sources of scale effects. It is argued that the analysis of static scale effects is important because scale effects are embedding in our world, and new technologies associated with an evolving economy often allow their exploitation when they cannot be exploited in less technically advanced and smaller economies. So, although static equilibrium theory is not a good vehicle for studying economic growth, showing how scale effects operate when output varies with given technology helps us to understand the scale effects that occur when output rises as a result of economic growth, even though that is typically driven by technological change.

Economies of scale. --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns --- Economic development. --- Microeconomics.

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Although countries differ tremendously in population size, comparative public administration has not considered this context factor systematically. This Element provides the most comprehensive theoretical and empirical account to date of the effects that country size has on the functioning of public administration. It synthesizes existing literature and develops a theoretical framework that distinguishes the effects of small, medium and large country size on administrative structures, practices, and public service performance. Large states with larger administrations benefit from specialization but are prone to coordination problems, whereas small states experience advantages and disadvantages linked to multifunctionalism and informal practices. Midsize countries may achieve economies of scale while avoiding diseconomies of excessive size, which potentially allows for highest performance. Descriptive and causal statistical analyses of worldwide indicators and a qualitative comparison of three countries, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany, demonstrate the various ways in which size matters for public administrations around the world.

Public administration. --- Economies of scale. --- States, Size of. --- Political science --- Size of states --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Administrative law --- Decentralization in government --- Local government --- Public officers --- Administration, Public --- Delivery of government services --- Government services, Delivery of --- Public management --- Public sector management

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"Christian Kleiber and Samuel Kotz survey, compliment, compare, and unify all of the disparate models of income distribution, highlighting at times a lack of coordination between them that can result in unnecessary duplication. Considering models from eight languages and all continents, the authors discuss the social and economic impolications of each as well as distributions of size of loss in actuarial applications." "Three appendices provide brief biographies of some of the leading players along with the basic properties of each of the distributions. Actuaries, economists, market researchers, social scientists, and physicists interested in econophysics will find Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences to be a truly one-of-a-kind addition to the professional literature."--Jacket.

Stochastic processes --- Mathematical statistics --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Economies of scale. --- Economics, Mathematical. --- Insurance --- Business mathematics --- Actuarial science --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns --- Economics --- Mathematical economics --- Econometrics --- Mathematics --- Wealth --- Mathematics. --- Methodology --- Economies of scale --- Economics, Mathematical --- -339.22 --- Assurance (Insurance) --- Coverage, Insurance --- Indemnity insurance --- Insurance coverage --- Insurance industry --- Insurance protection --- Mutual insurance --- Underwriting --- Finance --- Répartition (économie politique) --- Mathématiques économiques --- Assurance --- Mathématiques --- Mathématiques économiques. --- Mathématiques.

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339.1 --- 339.5 --- Handelstheorie --- Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel --- Economies d'échelle --- Competition, imperfect --- 339.137 --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Diminishing returns --- Imperfect competition --- Economies d'échelle --- Competition, Imperfect --- Economies of scale --- Industrial organization (Economic theory) --- International economic relations --- 382 --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Industrial economics --- Market structure --- Microeconomics --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Monopolies --- 339.5 Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet --- Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet --- Relations économiques internationales --- Economie industrielle --- Concurrence imparfaite --- Commerce international

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This book is a collection of papers for the Special Issue “Quantitative Methods for Economics and Finance” of the journal Mathematics. This Special Issue reflects on the latest developments in different fields of economics and finance where mathematics plays a significant role. The book gathers 19 papers on topics such as volatility clusters and volatility dynamic, forecasting, stocks, indexes, cryptocurrencies and commodities, trade agreements, the relationship between volume and price, trading strategies, efficiency, regression, utility models, fraud prediction, or intertemporal choice.

Coins, banknotes, medals, seals (numismatics) --- academic cheating --- tax evasion --- informality --- pairs trading --- hurst exponent --- financial markets --- long memory --- co-movement --- cointegration --- risk --- delay --- decision-making process --- probability --- discount --- detection --- mean square error --- multicollinearity --- raise regression --- variance inflation factor --- derivation --- intertemporal choice --- decreasing impatience --- elasticity --- GARCH --- EGARCH --- VaR --- historical simulation approach --- peaks-over-threshold --- EVT --- student t-copula --- generalized Pareto distribution --- centered model --- noncentered model --- intercept --- essential multicollinearity --- nonessential multicollinearity --- commodity prices --- futures prices --- number of factors --- eigenvalues --- volatility cluster --- Hurst exponent --- FD4 approach --- volatility series --- probability of volatility cluster --- S&amp --- P500 --- Bitcoin --- Ethereum --- Ripple --- bitcoin --- deep learning --- deep recurrent convolutional neural networks --- forecasting --- asset pricing --- financial distress prediction --- unconstrained distributed lag model --- multiple periods --- Chinese listed companies --- cash flow management --- corporate prudential risk --- the financial accelerator --- financial distress --- induced risk aversion --- liquidity constraints --- liquidity risk --- macroeconomic propagation --- multiperiod financial management --- non-linear macroeconomic modelling --- Tobin’s q --- precautionary savings --- pharmaceutical industry --- scale economies --- profitability --- biotechnological firms --- non-parametric efficiency --- productivity --- DEA --- dispersion trading --- option arbitrage --- volatility trading --- correlation risk premium --- econometrics --- computational finance --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) --- autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) --- support vector regression (SVR) --- genetic algorithm (GA) --- energy consumption --- cryptocurrency --- gold --- P 500 --- DCC --- copula --- copulas --- Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation --- local optima vs. local minima --- SRA approach --- foreign direct investment --- bilateral investment treaties --- regional trade agreements --- structural gravity model --- policy uncertainty --- stock prices --- dynamically simulated autoregressive distributed lag (DYS-ARDL) --- threshold regression --- United States --- academic cheating --- tax evasion --- informality --- pairs trading --- hurst exponent --- financial markets --- long memory --- co-movement --- cointegration --- risk --- delay --- decision-making process --- probability --- discount --- detection --- mean square error --- multicollinearity --- raise regression --- variance inflation factor --- derivation --- intertemporal choice --- decreasing impatience --- elasticity --- GARCH --- EGARCH --- VaR --- historical simulation approach --- peaks-over-threshold --- EVT --- student t-copula --- generalized Pareto distribution --- centered model --- noncentered model --- intercept --- essential multicollinearity --- nonessential multicollinearity --- commodity prices --- futures prices --- number of factors --- eigenvalues --- volatility cluster --- Hurst exponent --- FD4 approach --- volatility series --- probability of volatility cluster --- S&amp --- P500 --- Bitcoin --- Ethereum --- Ripple --- bitcoin --- deep learning --- deep recurrent convolutional neural networks --- forecasting --- asset pricing --- financial distress prediction --- unconstrained distributed lag model --- multiple periods --- Chinese listed companies --- cash flow management --- corporate prudential risk --- the financial accelerator --- financial distress --- induced risk aversion --- liquidity constraints --- liquidity risk --- macroeconomic propagation --- multiperiod financial management --- non-linear macroeconomic modelling --- Tobin’s q --- precautionary savings --- pharmaceutical industry --- scale economies --- profitability --- biotechnological firms --- non-parametric efficiency --- productivity --- DEA --- dispersion trading --- option arbitrage --- volatility trading --- correlation risk premium --- econometrics --- computational finance --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) --- autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) --- support vector regression (SVR) --- genetic algorithm (GA) --- energy consumption --- cryptocurrency --- gold --- P 500 --- DCC --- copula --- copulas --- Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation --- local optima vs. local minima --- SRA approach --- foreign direct investment --- bilateral investment treaties --- regional trade agreements --- structural gravity model --- policy uncertainty --- stock prices --- dynamically simulated autoregressive distributed lag (DYS-ARDL) --- threshold regression --- United States