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Book
Kinetics and mechanisms of polymerization.
Authors: ---
Year: 1969 Publisher: New York, NY : Marcel Dekker,

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Dissertation
Mémoire
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2024 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Parmi les nombreuses applications possibles des élastomères, le domaine biomédical est l'un des plus exigeants en matière de propriétés mécaniques. En effet, selon l'application, les élastomères médicaux requièrent différentes caractéristiques telles que la ténacité, la durabilité mais aussi la dégradabilité. En effet dans ce domaine, la dégradabilité est une propriété majeure à étudier lorsque l'élastomère est destiné à être implanté dans le corps humain. L'offre d'élastomères dégradables non toxiques étant limitée, des alternatives doivent être trouvées pour combler cette lacune. Dans ce contexte, une classe émergente de polymères dégradables est étudiée : les polyphosphoesters. Ce type de polymère est prometteur pour le domaine biomédical grâce à sa structure semblable à celle de l'ADN, qui lui confère une grande biocompatibilité et une bonne dégradabilité. Cependant, les réseaux de polyphosphoesters ne présentent pas encore de propriétés élastiques. Par conséquent, l'objectif de ce mémoire était d'améliorer la capacité d'élongation des réseaux de polyphosphoester afin d'enrichir les caractéristiques que cette classe de polymères peut offrir. A partir d'un modèle théorique qui prédit les propriétés mécaniques des réseaux chimiques, deux stratégies synthétiques ont été menées afin d'améliorer les propriétés élastomériques des matériaux. Tout d'abord, des copolymères de polyphosphate photo- réticulables ont été synthétisés par ouverture de cycle organocatalysée avec différentes architectures dans le but d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques d’élongation. Deuxièmement, nous avons posé la pierre angulaire de la polymérisation de monomères phosphates cycliques à six pièces par ROP, car nous pensons que les polymères résultants pourraient constituer une valeur ajoutée pour obtenir des propriétés élastiques améliorées.
Dans ce travail, nous rapportons le premier élastomère de polyphosphoester avec un allongement maximal avant rupture atteignant 180%, alors que la dernière valeur publiée ne dépassait pas 15%. Nous avons également établi des relations entre la microstructure des chaînes de polymères et leurs propriétés physiques, telles que le module d'Young et l'élongation maximale. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à des applications biomédicales sans précédent des polyphosphoesters et leur permet de révéler tout leur potentiel. Among numerous possible applications of elastomers, the biomedical field is one of the most demanding regarding mechanical properties. Indeed, according to the application, medical elastomers require different adjustable features such as toughness, durability but also degradability. For this specific field, degradability is a major property to study when the elastomer is destined to be implanted in human bodies. Since the offer for non-toxic degradable elastomers is slim, alternatives have to be investigated. In order to bridge the gap, a rising class of degradable polymers is being studied: polyphosphoesters. This type of polymer is promising for the biomedical field thanks to its DNA-like structure that provides it with great biocompatibility and degradability. Though, polyphosphoester networks do not exhibit elastomeric properties yet. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to improve the elongation capacity of polyphosphoester networks in order to enrich the features this class of polymers can offer. Starting from a theoretical model that predicts the mechanical properties of chemical networks, two synthetic strategies were conducted to provide enhanced elastomer properties to the materials. Firstly, photocrosslinkable polyphosphate copolymers were synthesized by organocatalyzed ROP with different architectures with the aim of seeking for improvements of mechanical properties. Secondly, we laid the cornerstone for the polymerization of six-membered cyclic phosphate monomers by ROP since we believe the resulting polymers could be an added value to reach enhanced elastic properties.
In this work we report the first polyphosphoester elastomer with a maximum elongation at break reaching 180% where the last published elongation did not exceed 15%. We further established relationships between the microstructure of the polymer chains and their physical properties, such as Young’s modulus and maximum elongation. These results pave the way for unprecedented biomedical applications of polyphosphoesters and reveal their full potential.

Ring-opening polymerization
Authors: --- --- ---
ISBN: 084120392X Year: 1977 Publisher: Washington, DC : ACS,


Dissertation
Optimisation du procédé de synthèse de polyesters fonctionnels par extrusion réactive
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2016 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Le polylactide (PLA) est un polymère biosourcé, biodégradable et biocompatible, ce qui en fait un matériau en pleine expansion. Il est utilisé pour des applications de commodité telles que l’emballage ou des applications à plus haute valeur ajoutée telles que les systèmes de libération contrôlée de principes actifs ou encore la préparation d’échafaudages pour l’ingénierie tissulaire. 
Pour ce travail, l’octoate d’étain, catalyseur présentant une activité catalytique importante a été utilisé pour assurer une polymérisation par ouverture de cycle suffisamment rapide du L-lactide en PLLA de manière continue. Cette synthèse continue a été effectuée dans une extrudeuse bivis corotative présentant un diamètre de 11 mm et un ratio L/D de 40. Compte tenu de la petite taille de cette extrudeuse, divers arrangements de la configuration des vis et du fourreau ont dû être réalisés avec pour objectif d’augmenter le temps de résidence très limité dans le réacteur. Afin d’ensuite améliorer les propriétés du PLLA synthétisé, différentes modifications ont été apportées au mélange réactionnel : ajout d’un initiateur, d’un co-catalyseur, diminution de la quantité d’octoate d’étain. De plus, divers post-traitements ont également été réalisés. Il a finalement été possible de réaliser le PLLA avec une conversion moléculaire de 80000 g/mol et une polydispersité de 1,5 avec un rapport molaire catalyseur/monomère de 1/5000 et du polyéthylène glycol comme initiateur. Enfin, une analyse des risques liés aux défaillances possibles de l’extrudeuse a été réalisée dans l’’optique d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle du procédé de synthèse.


Book
Antibacterial Surfaces, Thin Films, and Nanostructured Coatings
Author:
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Creating antibacterial surfaces is the primary approach in preventing the occurrence and diffusion of clinical infections and foodborne diseases as well as in contrasting the propagation of pandemics in everyday life. Proper surface engineering can inhibit microorganism spread and biofilm formation, can contrast antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and can avoid cross-contamination from a contaminated surface to another and eventually to humans. For these reasons, antibacterial surfaces play a key role in many applications, ranging from biomedicine to food and beverage materials, textiles, and objects with frequent human contact. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents within a surface or their addition onto a surface are very effective strategies to achieve this aim and to properly modify many other surface properties at the same time. In this framework, this Special Issue collects research studying several materials and methods related to the antibacterial properties of surfaces for different applications and discussions about the environmental and human-safety aspects.

Keywords

Technology: general issues --- nanocomposite --- mechanical properties --- cytotoxicity --- nanosilica --- antibiotics --- drug loading --- electrodeposition --- halloysite nanotubes --- zinc --- metal nanoparticles --- titanium implants --- cellulose --- silver --- nanoparticle --- antibacterial --- composite --- thin film --- xanthan gum --- zinc oxide --- quorum sensing --- biofilm --- virulence --- S. marcescens --- C. violaceum --- proteins --- titanium dioxide --- functionalization --- hybrid composites --- antimicrobial coatings --- aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) --- RF sputtering (RFS) --- supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD) --- silver nanoparticles --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- health --- biomedical applications --- food packaging --- antibacterial coating --- antimicrobial peptide --- plasma polymer --- LL 37 --- Magainin --- Parasin --- bacterial attachment --- polylactide --- photodynamic --- supramolecular systems --- micelles --- drug delivery --- copolymers --- ring opening polymerization --- aPDT --- BODIPY --- antimicrobial --- polycaprolactone (PCL) --- nanofibers --- electrospinning --- sputtering --- antiviral --- biomedical --- bioremediation --- antifouling --- metal ions --- graphene --- antibiotic resistance --- foams --- biomaterials --- nanocomposite --- mechanical properties --- cytotoxicity --- nanosilica --- antibiotics --- drug loading --- electrodeposition --- halloysite nanotubes --- zinc --- metal nanoparticles --- titanium implants --- cellulose --- silver --- nanoparticle --- antibacterial --- composite --- thin film --- xanthan gum --- zinc oxide --- quorum sensing --- biofilm --- virulence --- S. marcescens --- C. violaceum --- proteins --- titanium dioxide --- functionalization --- hybrid composites --- antimicrobial coatings --- aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) --- RF sputtering (RFS) --- supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD) --- silver nanoparticles --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- health --- biomedical applications --- food packaging --- antibacterial coating --- antimicrobial peptide --- plasma polymer --- LL 37 --- Magainin --- Parasin --- bacterial attachment --- polylactide --- photodynamic --- supramolecular systems --- micelles --- drug delivery --- copolymers --- ring opening polymerization --- aPDT --- BODIPY --- antimicrobial --- polycaprolactone (PCL) --- nanofibers --- electrospinning --- sputtering --- antiviral --- biomedical --- bioremediation --- antifouling --- metal ions --- graphene --- antibiotic resistance --- foams --- biomaterials


Book
Advances in Thermoresponsive Polymers
Author:
Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Thermoresponsive polymers, materials able to undergo sharp and often reversible phase separations in response to temperature stimuli, are introducing new paradigms in different fields, including medicine, advanced separations and oil and gas. In "Advances in Thermoresponsive Polymers", a clear picture of the frontiers reached in the understanding of the mechanistic behavior associated with temperature-induced phase separation, the influence of the polymer structure in regulating the macroscopic behavior of these materials and the latest applications for which thermoresponsive polymers show great potential is provided.

Keywords

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) --- glycidyl methacrylate --- thermoresponsive copolymer --- α-chymotrypsin --- polymer-enzyme conjugate nanoparticle --- polymeric nanoparticles --- emulsion polymerization --- RAFT --- thermo-responsive polymers --- smart materials --- LCST --- phase diagram --- phase separation --- thermoresponsive star-shaped polymers --- poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazines and poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- aqueous solutions --- light scattering --- turbidimetry --- microcalorimetry --- aggregation --- dual-stimuli-responsive materials --- thin films --- out-of-equilibrium --- thermoresponsive --- oligo(ethylene glycol) --- OEGylated --- poly(amino acid) --- ring-opening polymerization --- post-polymerization modification --- Ugi reaction --- synthesis --- star-shaped macromolecules --- calix[n]arene --- block and gradient copolymers of poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- conformation --- thermoresponsibility --- self-organization --- poly-N-vinylcaprolactam --- thermoresponsive polymers --- polymer-protein conjugates --- controlled release --- temperature-sensitive polymers --- hydrogels --- stereocomplexation --- polylactic acid --- temperature/reduction --- self-recombination --- thermosensitive polymers --- enzyme complexation --- reversible inactivation --- UCST polymers --- stimuli-responsive polymers --- electronic paramagnetic resonance --- spin probe --- nitroxides --- coil to globule --- poly(L-lysine) --- N-isopropylacrylamide --- aza-Michael addition reaction --- thermo-responsive --- pH-responsive --- biodegradable polymer --- poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) --- glycidyl methacrylate --- thermoresponsive copolymer --- α-chymotrypsin --- polymer-enzyme conjugate nanoparticle --- polymeric nanoparticles --- emulsion polymerization --- RAFT --- thermo-responsive polymers --- smart materials --- LCST --- phase diagram --- phase separation --- thermoresponsive star-shaped polymers --- poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazines and poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- aqueous solutions --- light scattering --- turbidimetry --- microcalorimetry --- aggregation --- dual-stimuli-responsive materials --- thin films --- out-of-equilibrium --- thermoresponsive --- oligo(ethylene glycol) --- OEGylated --- poly(amino acid) --- ring-opening polymerization --- post-polymerization modification --- Ugi reaction --- synthesis --- star-shaped macromolecules --- calix[n]arene --- block and gradient copolymers of poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- conformation --- thermoresponsibility --- self-organization --- poly-N-vinylcaprolactam --- thermoresponsive polymers --- polymer-protein conjugates --- controlled release --- temperature-sensitive polymers --- hydrogels --- stereocomplexation --- polylactic acid --- temperature/reduction --- self-recombination --- thermosensitive polymers --- enzyme complexation --- reversible inactivation --- UCST polymers --- stimuli-responsive polymers --- electronic paramagnetic resonance --- spin probe --- nitroxides --- coil to globule --- poly(L-lysine) --- N-isopropylacrylamide --- aza-Michael addition reaction --- thermo-responsive --- pH-responsive --- biodegradable polymer

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