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This book contributes to the literature on conflict and terrorism through a selection of articles that deal with theoretical, methodological and empirical issues related to the topic. The papers study important problems, are original in their approach and innovative in the techniques used. This will be useful for researchers in the fields of game theory, economics and political sciences.

Economic history --- European Union (EU), spatial autoregression and connectivity --- alliance --- strategic free riding --- Nash equilibrium --- terror cycles --- terror paths --- counterterror policy --- conflict dynamics --- asymmetric conflict --- continuous game --- national security --- Blotto game --- imperfect information --- machine learning --- terrorism --- game theory --- hybrid threats --- state competition --- prospect theory --- grand strategy --- retaliation --- counterterror --- coalition --- backlash --- conflict --- contests --- momentum --- European Union (EU), spatial autoregression and connectivity --- alliance --- strategic free riding --- Nash equilibrium --- terror cycles --- terror paths --- counterterror policy --- conflict dynamics --- asymmetric conflict --- continuous game --- national security --- Blotto game --- imperfect information --- machine learning --- terrorism --- game theory --- hybrid threats --- state competition --- prospect theory --- grand strategy --- retaliation --- counterterror --- coalition --- backlash --- conflict --- contests --- momentum

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Why should America restrain itself in detaining, interrogating, and targeting terrorists when they show it no similar forbearance? Is it fair to expect one side to fight by more stringent rules than the other, placing itself at disadvantage? Is the disadvantaged side then permitted to use the tactics and strategies of its opponent? If so, then America's most controversial counterterrorism practices are justified as commensurate responses to indiscriminate terror. Yet different ethical standards prove entirely fitting, the author finds, in a conflict between a network of suicidal terrorists seeking mass atrocity at any cost and a constitutional democracy committed to respecting human dignity and the rule of law. The most important reciprocity involves neither uniform application of fair rules nor their enforcement by a simple-minded tit-for-tat. Real reciprocity instead entails contributing to an emergent global contract that encompasses the law of war and from which all peoples may mutually benefit.

Humanitarian law. --- Terrorism --- Lex talionis. --- Reciprocity (Psychology) --- Interpersonal relations --- Retaliation (Law) --- Retribution (Law) --- Retributive justice --- Talion (Law) --- Revenge --- Vendetta --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Humanitarian conventions --- International humanitarian law --- War (International law) --- Prevention --- Law and legislation. --- Law and legislation --- Reciprocity (Psychology). --- Law --- General and Others

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Conflict, including the threat or fear of potential violence, or being witness to or a victim of physical violence, constantly surrounds gangs and their communities and is the principal driver sustaining gang life. This Special Issue examines the diverse nature of gang-related violence with the goal of better understanding the growing complexities of gang violence over the last two decades to better inform public policy solutions. The contributions included in this Special Issue highlight the complex nature of gang-related violence in the 21st Century. As much as policy makers, the media, and even scholars like to simplify gang-related violence, all of the studies included in this Special Issue highlight the nuance and variation that exists.

Law --- Drugs trade / drug trafficking --- street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence --- street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence