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Contexte Les sols de potagers urbains et périurbains sont des systèmes complexes encore peu étudiés jusqu’à aujourd’hui et sont souvent le reflet des activités industrielles actuelles et passées. La présence d’éléments traces dans les sols n’est pas un problème à minimiser compte tenu des transferts sol - plante possibles, mettant à mal à la sécurité de la chaîne alimentaire. En réponse à cette problématique, la phytoextraction gagne en succès comme perspective de décontamination plus respectueuse de l’environnement et moins impactante sur le plan économique.
Objectifs Les objectifs de ce travail sont : i) étudier l’effet de la présence d’une plante extractrice, Helianthus annuus L. ou Brassica juncea (L.) Czern, sur la capacité de Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, en culture associée, à extraire les formes mobiles des éléments traces présents dans un sol multi-contaminé urbain, ii) identifier le potentiel stabilisateur ou mobilisateur de l’ajout de compost de déchets verts et de biochar sur les formes mobiles ou facilement disponibles des éléments traces présents dans le sol, iii) évaluer les impacts de l’ajout de compost de déchets verts et de biochar sur la capacité des végétaux cultivés à extraire les éléments traces.
Méthodes Une expérience en pots et en champ a été mise en place sur une période de 14 semaines. L’expérience in situ a pris place dans un jardin potager, le Potager Saint – Germain, situé à Soiron (Province de Liège, Belgique) sur cinq zones dont l’horizon cultivé (0 – 20 cm) présente des niveaux de contamination différents en Zn, Cd et Pb. Le sol utilisé dans les pots provenait d’une de ces dernières. Les expérimentations consistent en une culture associée entre du tournesol ou de la moutarde et des bettes, sur un sol préalablement amendé avec du compost de déchets verts ou du biochar. La fraction soluble, disponible et pseudo-totale en éléments traces dans le sol ainsi que le pH et le COT ont été quantifiés. Les teneurs retrouvées dans la biomasse aérienne des plantes récoltées ont également été mesurées.
Résultats De manière générale, la présence d’une plante extractrice n’a pas permis de diminuer les teneurs accumulées par les bettes en deçà des valeurs seuils pour la commercialisation de ces dernières. Aucun des deux amendements organiques n’a conduit à une diminution systématique des teneurs solubles en Zn, Cd et Pb dans les sols. Cependant, le compost de déchets verts a limité les teneurs en Zn et Cd accumulées par les bettes. La culture associée a conduit à une importante disparité de biomasse produite par ces dernières à laquelle s’ajoute, en pots, un faible développement global des plantes dû à l’espace limité disponible.
Conclusions La variabilité visible dans les résultats ainsi que les divergences existantes entre l’essai en pots et en champ nécessitent l’établissement de nouvelles expérimentations pour mieux comprendre le comportement des interactions entre les contaminants, le sol et les plantes. La capacité extractrice de la moutarde brune ainsi que les effets bénéfiques des amendements organiques n’ont pas pu être mis systématiquement en évidence. Le caractère dynamique et évolutif des sols montre le besoin d’essais sur le long terme de manière à pouvoir mettre en évidence des tendances générales. L’urbanisation croissante combinée à la part d’autoconsommation grandissante de produits cultivés en ville poussent à continuer d’investiguer la présence d’éléments traces dans les sols et les techniques de remédiation.

contamination --- sol --- élément trace --- mobilité --- phytoextraction --- amendement du sol --- compost de déchets verts --- biochar --- Brassica juncea (L.) Czern --- Helianthus annuus L. --- contamination --- soil --- trace elements --- mobility --- phytoextraction --- soil amendment --- green waste compost --- biochar --- Helianthus annuus L. --- Brassica juncea (L.) Czern --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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This book collects research activities focused on the development of new processes to replace obsolete practices that are often highly invasive, unsustainable, and socially unacceptable.Taking inspiration from real problems and the need to face real cases of contamination or prevent potentially harmful situations, the development and optimization of ‘smart’ solutions, i.e., sustainable not only from an environmental point of view but also economically, are discussed in order to encourage, as much as possible, their actual implementation.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- water resources --- virtual water trade --- input-output method --- Gansu province --- ecological consumption --- influencing factors --- panel regressions --- ecological footprint --- innovative envelope --- building components --- green roofs --- indoor comfort --- energy consumption --- building modelling --- simulation models --- chitosan --- chromium --- heavy metals --- adsorption --- kinetics --- low-cost adsorbent --- tannery --- ion exchange --- nanobubbles --- contaminated soil --- electrokinetic --- in situ --- remediation --- Spinacia oleracea microbiota --- electrochemically activated solution --- peroxyacetic acid --- sanitization --- 16s rRNA pyrosequencing --- amplicon sequence variants --- alpha diversity --- bacterial community composition --- sedimentation --- drag --- fractal aggregates --- shear-thinning --- non-Newtonian fluids --- suspensions --- numerical simulations --- environmental impact --- waste management --- industrial production --- investment project --- risk evaluation --- multicriterial approach --- production planning --- carbon regulation --- reconditioning --- green logistics --- optimization --- drinking water treatment plant --- advection–diffusion–reaction --- chlorine dosage --- simulator validation --- industrial application --- biodegradation --- dehalogenase-producing bacteria --- haloalkanoic acids --- trichloroacetic acid --- 16S rRNA --- Lysinibacillus --- building energy efficiency --- European environmental brands --- tourism sector --- agritourism --- nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) --- submerged marine debris --- economic valuation --- contingent valuation --- economic benefit --- willingness to pay --- proecological behavior --- circular economy --- environmental management --- survey --- nonparametric methods --- serpentinite --- magnesium oxide --- calcination --- particle size distribution --- specific surface area --- magnesium potassium phosphate matrix --- radioactive waste --- immobilization --- hydrolytic stability --- strength --- pH-neutral electrochemically activated solution --- total bacterial count --- Salmonella Enteritidis --- egg cuticle integrity --- soil remediation --- soil contamination --- greenhouse --- phytoextraction --- mobilizing agents --- photosynthetic efficiency --- photovoltaics --- luminescent dyes --- energy savings --- sustainability --- cork–graphite electrode --- electrochemistry --- lead --- environmental application --- environmental pollution and remediation --- hazardous waste management --- soil and water reclamation --- nanomaterials --- sustainable processes

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In the last few decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has distinguished itself as one of the most rapidly advancing spectroscopic techniques. Mainly known as an analytical tool useful for sample characterization and content quantification, NIR spectroscopy is essential in various other fields, e.g. NIR imaging techniques in biophotonics, medical applications or used for characterization of food products. Its contribution in basic science and physical chemistry should be noted as well, e.g. in exploration of the nature of molecular vibrations or intermolecular interactions. One of the current development trends involves the miniaturization and simplification of instrumentation, creating prospects for the spread of NIR spectrometers at a consumer level in the form of smartphone attachments—a breakthrough not yet accomplished by any other analytical technique. A growing diversity in the related methods and applications has led to a dispersion of these contributions among disparate scientific communities. The aim of this Special Issue was to bring together the communities that may perceive NIR spectroscopy from different perspectives. It resulted in 30 contributions presenting the latest advances in the methodologies essential in near-infrared spectroscopy in a variety of applications.

n/a --- pocket-sized spectrometer --- standard germination tests --- total hydroxycinnamic derivatives --- hyperspectral image --- quantitative analysis modeling --- tissue --- chemotherapy --- FTIR spectroscopy --- cheese --- biomeasurements --- chemometrics --- affine invariance --- rapid identification --- biodiagnosis --- bioanalytical applications --- fat --- NIRS --- pixel-wise --- paraffin-embedded --- late preterm --- maize kernel --- photonics --- hyperspectral image processing --- image processing --- colorectal cancer --- test set validation --- deep convolutional neural network --- near-infrared fluorescence --- classification --- variety discrimination --- near-infrared hyperspectral imaging --- ensemble learning --- light --- origin traceability --- Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis --- Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy --- dry matter --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- hyperspectral imaging --- FT-NIR spectroscopy --- proximal sensing --- perfusion measurements --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- stained --- carotenoids --- cellular imaging --- perturbation --- direct model transferability --- clinical classifications --- counterfeit and substandard pharmaceuticals --- hyperspectral imaging technology --- spectral imaging --- SVM --- nutritional parameters --- extra virgin olive oil --- ethanol --- osteopathy --- living cells --- object-wise --- water-mirror approach --- Chrysanthemum --- bootstrapping soft shrinkage --- FTIR --- PLS-R --- multivariate data analysis --- combination bands --- binary dragonfly algorithm --- geographical origin --- Vitis vinifera L. --- glucose --- detection --- di-(2-picolyl)amine --- non-destructive sensor --- splanchnic --- adulteration --- animal origin --- melamine --- artemether --- MicroNIR™ --- brain --- fluorescent probes --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- SCiO --- support vector machine --- anharmonic quantum mechanical calculations --- PLSR --- Zn(II) --- RMSEP --- overtones --- blackberries --- pasta/sauce blends --- FT-IR --- partial least squares calibration --- partial least squares (PLS) --- auxiliary diagnosis --- handheld near-infrared spectroscopy --- precision viticulture --- partial least squares --- seeds vitality --- freeze-damaged --- near infrared --- discriminant analysis --- corn seed --- quantum chemical calculation --- anharmonic calculation --- Trichosanthis Fructus --- moisture --- analytical spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- NIR spectroscopy --- calibration transfer --- imaging --- water --- lumefantrine --- BRAF V600E mutation --- wavelength selection --- bone cancer --- imaging visualization --- near infrared spectroscopy --- raisins --- chemometric techniques --- data fusion --- prepared slices --- Ewing sarcoma --- biomonitoring --- Rubus fructicosus --- VIS/NIR hyperspectral imaging --- combinations bands --- quantitative analysis model --- partial least square regression --- DFT calculations --- TreeBagger --- antimalarial tablets --- accelerated aging --- agriculture --- crude drugs --- spectroscopy --- rice seeds --- PLS --- isotopic substitution --- multivariate calibration --- phytoextraction --- Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy --- phenolics --- deparaffinized --- near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy --- SIMCA --- counter propagation artificial neural network --- fructose --- PLS-DA --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- aquaphotomics --- support vector machine-discriminant analysis --- hier-SVM --- DNA --- NIR --- support vector machine model --- API --- principal component analysis --- Folin-Ciocalteu