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Hot stamping is a hot drawing process which takes advantage of the polymorphic steel behavior to produce parts with a good strength-to-weight ratio. For the simulation of the hot stamping process, a nonlinear two-scale thermomechanical model is suggested and implemented into the FE tool ABAQUS. Phase transformation and transformation induced plasticity effects are taken into account. The simulation results regarding the final shape and residual stresses are compared to experimental findings.

Presshärten --- Two-Scale Modeling --- Phasenumwandlung --- Zweiskalige Modellierung --- Warmumformung --- Hot Stamping --- Semi-Analytical Homogenization --- Semi-analytische Homogenisierung --- Phase Transformation --- Hot Working

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Biomaterials—the materials used for the manufacturing of medical devices— are part of everyday life. Each one of us has likely had the experience of visting a dentist’s office, where a number of biomaterials are used temporarily or permanently in the mouth. Devices that are more complex are used for to support, heal, or replace living tissues or organs in the body that are suffering or compromised by different conditions. The materials used in their construction are metals and metallic alloys, polymers—ranging from elastomers to adhesives—and ceramics.Within these three cases, there are materials that are inert in the living environment, that perform an active function, or that are dissolved and resorbed by the metabolic pathways. Biomaterials are the outcome of a dynamic field of research that is driven by a growing demand and by the competition among the manufacturers of medical devices, with innovations improving the performance of existing devices and that contribute to the development of new ones. The collection of papers forming this volume have one particular class of of biomaterial in common, ceramic (bioceramic) composites, which as so far been used in applications such as orthopaedic joint replacement as well as in dental implants and restorations and that is being intensively investigated for bone regeneration applications. Today’s bioceramic composites (alumina–zirconia) are the golden standard in joint replacements. Several manufracturers have proposed different zirconia–alumina composites for use in hip, knee, and shoulder joint replacements, with several other innovative devices also being under study. In addition, bioceramic composites with innovative compositions are under development and will be on the market in years to come. Something that is especially interesting is the application of bioceramic composites in the regeneration of bone tissues. Research has devoted special attention to the doping of well-known materials (i.e., calcium phosphates and silicates) with bioactive ions, aiming to enhance the osteogenic ability and bioresorbability of man-made grafts. Moreover, high expectations rely on hybrid biopolymer/ceramic materials that mimic the complex composition and multiscale structure of bone tissue.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- biomaterials --- bone grafts --- bone repair --- dental implants --- scaffolds --- alumina --- zirconia --- Alumina-Toughened Zirconia --- Zirconia-Toughened Alumina --- hip arthroplasty --- calcium phosphates --- hydroxyapatite --- bone cements --- bioactive composites --- bone regeneration --- zirconia-alumina composite --- stabilizing oxides --- critical grain size --- tetragonality --- mechanical properties --- fracture toughness --- flexural strength --- ceramic additive manufacturing --- DLP --- bioceramics --- calcium phosphate --- carbon fibers --- mineralization --- zirconia-toughened alumina --- phase transformation --- Raman spectroscopy --- calcium-based biomineralization --- hydroxyapatite nanoparticles --- biomimicry --- multifunctional materials --- Freeze Foam --- hybrid bone --- biocompatibility --- bone replacement --- transformation toughening --- platelet reinforcement --- hip --- alumina matrix composite --- AMC --- hip prosthesis --- prosthesis --- case series --- ceramic-on-ceramic

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The microstructures of both martensite and bainite, although sharing some common features, depict a plethora of subtle differences that made them unique when studied in further detail. Tailoring the final properties of a microstructure based on one or the other as well as in combination with others and exploring more sophisticated concepts, such as Q&P and nanostructured bainite, are the topics which are the focus of research around the world. In understanding the key microstructural parameters controlling the final properties as well as definition of adequate process parameters to attain the desired microstructures requires that a proper understanding of the mechanism ruling their transformation and a detailed characterization first be acheived. The development of new and powerful scientific techniques and equipment (EBSD, APT, HRTEM, etc.) allow us to gain fundamental insights that help to establish some of the principles by which those microstructures are known. The developments accompanying such findings lead to further developments and intensive research providing the required metallurgical support.

n/a --- TRIP --- tempering --- modeling --- microstructure --- nanobainite --- lenticular martensite --- stainless steel --- carbonitrides precipitation --- carbide precipitation --- bainitic ferrite --- EBSD --- hot rolling --- fatigue --- transmission Kikuchi diffraction --- transmission electron microscopy --- medium-Mn steel --- dilatometry --- industrialization --- molybdenum --- ausforming --- offshore steels --- welding --- Q&amp --- creep resistant steels --- inductive measurements --- metastable austenite --- retained austenite --- mechanical properties --- martensite --- carbon partitioning --- transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) --- thermomechanical treatment --- phase transformation --- transformation kinetics --- kinetics --- MX nanoprecipitates --- phase equilibrium --- steel --- electron backscattering diffraction --- titanium --- impact toughness --- surface modification --- bainitic/martensitic ferrite --- retained austenite stability --- dilatation behavior --- P --- tempered martensite embrittlement --- yield strength --- bainite --- high strength steel --- tensile ductility --- synchrotron --- niobium --- microalloyed steels --- ultrahigh strength steel --- low temperature bainite --- strain-induced martensite --- plate thickness --- ferritic/martensitic steel --- austenite decomposition --- nitrocarburising --- high carbon steels --- Kernel average misorientation --- austempering --- martensitic steel --- HEXRD --- direct quenched

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Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

reversion --- iron alloys --- reverted austenite --- n/a --- corrosion --- microstructure --- scatter index --- stainless steel --- electron backscattered diffraction --- supermartensitic stainless steel --- metastable austenitic stainless steel --- additive manufacturing --- fatigue --- mechanical spectroscopy --- stainless steel alloys --- 304L stainless steel --- non-metallic inclusions --- deformation --- connection --- nitriding --- non-metallic inclusion --- welding --- phase diagrams --- S–N curves --- surface treatments --- mechanical properties --- fatigue strength --- stainless-steel structure --- Hertz theory --- phase transformation --- prestrain --- high-speed steel --- Cr martensitic steel --- repair --- superduplex stainless steels --- historic timber structures --- cold rolling --- VOD refining --- borides --- annealing --- welded joints --- hot deformation --- Ca treatment --- reinforcement --- electrolytic extraction --- laser powder bed fusion --- point defects --- innovation --- high-boron steel --- duplex stainless steel --- secondary phases --- formation mechanism --- kinetics model --- duplex stainless steels --- simulations --- electric current --- intermetallics --- medical applications --- electrically assisted annealing --- grain size --- stainless steels --- structural dynamics --- finite element explicit analysis --- S-N curves

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The Special Issue of the journal Materials, entitled “Novel Material and Technological Solutions in Foundry Engineering”, contains very interesting papers from the field of material science concerning topics such as cast composites, layered castings, selected aspects of the crystallisation of alloys and the technology of cast and heat treatment of Al alloys and cast iron, the properties of moulding sands, properties of Ni-base superalloys, the technology of repairing castings using welding.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- nanocomposite --- nanoparticle --- microstructure --- mechanical --- Babbitt --- alumina --- high-chromium cast iron --- austenitizing conditions --- cooling conditions --- martensite transformation --- hardness --- cylinder heads --- heat treatment --- Brinell hardness --- automotive industry --- superalloy --- HRSTEM --- STEM-EDX --- M23C6 --- nano-borides --- Al-Si-Cu secondary aluminum alloy --- returnable material --- natural and artificial aging --- Cu precipitate --- transmission electron microscopy --- mechanical properties --- crystallization --- thermal and derivative analysis --- bimetallic --- interfacial --- compound casting --- laser surface alloying --- ductile cast iron --- in situ composite --- titanium carbide --- high-tin bronzes --- welding of bell --- bell’s sound --- aluminosilicate --- perlite --- vermiculite --- dehydroxylation --- thermal analysis --- FTIR --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- moulding sand --- inorganic binder --- magnetron sputtering --- HIPIMs method --- TiAlN layer --- XRD analysis --- EDS analysis --- surface morphology --- coating thickness --- AFM microscopy --- supergravity crystallization --- gravitational segregation --- texture --- hexagonal alloys --- monotectic transformation --- high-aluminum cast iron --- Al4C3 carbide --- spontaneous disintegration of the casting structure --- casting composite --- silicon carbide --- gray cast iron --- graphite --- pearlite --- reinforcement particles --- metallic matrix --- Inconel 740 --- phase transformation --- investment casting --- solidification