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Nowadays, the use of composite materials in aeronautics has become more and more frequent. This shift triggers new challenges linked to the modelling of this new material type. One of those is the prediction of damage induced by an impact. The present work makes a further step in this field by studying delamination that occurs during such events. To this end, it has been decided to carry out simulations in which the initial composites are decomposed in lamina separated by layers made of cohesive elements. Those elements, whose action can be assimilated to glue, aim to represent the behaviour of the interface present between two successive plies of a composite material. The main goal of this report consists in defining an optimal characterisation of the cohesive layer in the software Abaqus in order to be able to predict delamination with accuracy in industrial applications.
The strategy adopted to reach this objective is first to perform calibration tests, namely Double Cantilever Beam (DCB), Edge Notched Failure (ENF) and Mixed-Mode Bending (MMB) tests, in order to evaluate the respective influence of each cohesive parameter on the simulations. In the DCB and ENF cases, the simulations obtained with Abaqus are compared to results computed using a Python code based on the software Gmsh. The purpose of this comparison is to ensure the validity and robustness of the numerical simulations generated by Abaqus. Finally, the set of parameters leading to the simulations fitting the best reality is adopted in the subsequent investigations.
Once this first step is concluded, the obtained cohesive model is applied to a low-velocity impact test. This test is of prime importance in the aeronautic field since the damage it induces is often not easily detectable. often not easily detectable. Evaluating the properties degradation of the composite material is thus crucial to ensure the safety of the aircraft. The simulations are then compared to experimental data. It finally turns out that both exhibit similar trends, which gives further credence to the selected model.
To conclude this work, other possible applications of the model developed here are highlighted. These include in particular delamination prediction in stringers when impacted at low velocity and estimation of damage triggered on a slat by a high-velocity impact, such as a bird impact.

Delaminaton --- DCB --- ENF --- MMB --- cohesive layer --- Abaqus --- Impact --- Composite --- low-velocity impact --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

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This book, consisting of 21 articles, including three review papers, written by research groups of experts in the field, considers recent research on reinforced polymer composites. Most of them relate to the fiber-reinforced polymer composites, which are a real hot topic in the field. Depending on the reinforcing fiber nature, such composites are divided into synthetic and natural fiber-reinforced ones. Synthetic fibers, such as carbon, glass, or basalt, provide more stiffness, while natural fibers, such as jute, flax, bamboo, kenaf, and others, are inexpensive and biodegradable, making them environmentally friendly. To acquire the benefits of design flexibility and recycling possibilities, natural reinforcers can be hybridized with small amounts of synthetic fibers to make them more desirable for technical applications. Elaborated composites have great potential as structural materials in automotive, marine and aerospace application, as fire resistant concrete, in bridge systems, as mechanical gear pair, as biomedical materials for dentistry and orthopedic application and tissue engineering, as well as functional materials such as proton-exchange membranes, biodegradable superabsorbent resins and polymer electrolytes.

Technology: general issues --- glass fibers --- surface modification --- polyethersulfone --- impregnation --- composite materials --- mechanical properties --- damping properties --- stability --- 3D printing --- composites --- DLP --- lignocellulose --- nanoindentation --- fiber-reinforced polymer --- natural fibers --- synthetic fibers --- PET fiber --- PP --- compatibility --- modification --- co-injection molding --- fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) --- fiber orientation distribution (FOD) --- micro-computerized tomography (μ-CT) scan technology --- bearing --- salt fog aging --- glass-flax hybrid coposites --- pinned joints --- failure modes --- polymer-matrix composites --- carbon fibers --- polysulfone --- rubber --- short jute fibers --- surface treatments --- scanning electron microscopy --- PVA --- CMC --- Na2CO3 --- film --- hydrogel mechanical properties --- nanocomposites --- double-network hydrogels --- polymer-nanoparticle interactions --- bamboo-plastic composites (BPCs) --- waste bamboo fibers --- chemical composition --- physico-mechanical properties --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- PEEK composites --- reinforcements --- self-lubricating bush --- friction and wear --- pin joints --- flat slab --- two-way shear --- carbon fiber reinforced polymers --- glass fiber reinforced polymers --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- palm stearin --- halloysite nanotubes --- heat treatment --- surface modification of staple carbon fiber --- natural rubber latex --- reinforcement mechanism --- dopamine --- rubber composite --- bifunctionally composite --- sulfonic acid based proton exchange membrane --- silica nanofiber --- mechanical stability --- high temperature fuel cell --- polyetherimide --- polycarbonate --- polyphenylene sulfone --- kenaf fibre --- glass fibre --- hybrid composites --- low velocity impact --- damage progression --- bamboo --- poly (lactic acid) (PLA) --- wastes rubber --- recycling --- tensile properties --- glass fibers --- surface modification --- polyethersulfone --- impregnation --- composite materials --- mechanical properties --- damping properties --- stability --- 3D printing --- composites --- DLP --- lignocellulose --- nanoindentation --- fiber-reinforced polymer --- natural fibers --- synthetic fibers --- PET fiber --- PP --- compatibility --- modification --- co-injection molding --- fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) --- fiber orientation distribution (FOD) --- micro-computerized tomography (μ-CT) scan technology --- bearing --- salt fog aging --- glass-flax hybrid coposites --- pinned joints --- failure modes --- polymer-matrix composites --- carbon fibers --- polysulfone --- rubber --- short jute fibers --- surface treatments --- scanning electron microscopy --- PVA --- CMC --- Na2CO3 --- film --- hydrogel mechanical properties --- nanocomposites --- double-network hydrogels --- polymer-nanoparticle interactions --- bamboo-plastic composites (BPCs) --- waste bamboo fibers --- chemical composition --- physico-mechanical properties --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- PEEK composites --- reinforcements --- self-lubricating bush --- friction and wear --- pin joints --- flat slab --- two-way shear --- carbon fiber reinforced polymers --- glass fiber reinforced polymers --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- palm stearin --- halloysite nanotubes --- heat treatment --- surface modification of staple carbon fiber --- natural rubber latex --- reinforcement mechanism --- dopamine --- rubber composite --- bifunctionally composite --- sulfonic acid based proton exchange membrane --- silica nanofiber --- mechanical stability --- high temperature fuel cell --- polyetherimide --- polycarbonate --- polyphenylene sulfone --- kenaf fibre --- glass fibre --- hybrid composites --- low velocity impact --- damage progression --- bamboo --- poly (lactic acid) (PLA) --- wastes rubber --- recycling --- tensile properties