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Reinforced concrete deep beams are one of the most important elements used in civil engineering structures, not only because they are able to resist high compressive forces, but also because they can be used to increase the resistance of a structure under a dynamic loading. However, given that they are not exempt from degradation provoked by aging or unexpected loading, they tend to decrease in quality and resistance. To avoid this, Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) appeared as one of the methods used for the strengthening of the deep beams.
The main goal of this thesis is to introduce and define the fundamental theory of the Five-Spring model, developed by Mihaylov et al. (2015), and extend it to deep beams strengthened with FRP wraps. The extended Five-spring model will account the effect of the FRP wraps depending on the following parameters: (1) the bond-slip relationship of the FRP strip to the concrete interface; (2) the process of debonding of the FRP strip; (3) the angle of the critical shear crack ; (4) the ratio between the depth of the FRP strip and the depth of the beam; (5) the wrapping scheme ; (6) the position of the strip with respect to the critical shear crack and (7) the shape of the critical shear crack. To account for the bond-slip model and the process of debonding, models developed by Lu et al. (2005) and Chen et al. (2012) were selected, yet in a simple manner. The shape of the critical shear crack on the other side was accounted by analyzing what is the shape that produce the most accurate response of the process of debonding. Once the influence of the seven parameters was considered, they were implemented one by one in the Matlab code to validate this extended Five-spring model with experimental data.
The extended Five-spring model was validated against test results from the literature and concluded that FRP has a positive effect in the pre-and-post peak behavior of deep beams. However, it was also observed that the accuracy of the predicted results would increase when more parameters, such as the concrete crushing around the loading plate, supports settlement or debonding of the FRP , were considered.

Deep beams --- Kinematics based modelling --- Reinforced concrete --- Wrapping --- Fiber reinforced polymers --- FRP --- Shear behaviour --- Ultimate load --- Displacement --- polymers --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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This Special Issue reprint book features a broad scope of contributions that highlight current accomplishments and provide readers with some perspective on the direction of research on magnesium alloys in the near future with respect to global challenges. The papers included in the book report on state-of-the-art methods and research trends regarding the microstructure, properties and industrial application of magnesium alloys for use in lightweight structures across several industries.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- magnesium alloys --- interface reaction --- diffusion --- intermetallic phases --- cyclic expansion extrusion with asymmetrical extrusion cavity --- AZ31B alloy --- microstructure --- texture --- mechanical properties --- magnesium wire --- extrusion --- characterization --- wrapping test --- AZ-series --- EBSD --- magnesium --- deformation twinning --- damage initiation --- rolling --- strength --- segregation --- precipitate --- twinning --- modeling --- void --- rigid inclusion --- magnesium-rare earth alloy --- recrystallization --- selective grain growth --- Mg-RE alloys --- in situ diffraction --- crystal plasticity --- magnesium single crystal --- sheets --- formability --- non-flammability --- indirect extrusion --- magnesium alloy --- fatigue --- equal-channel angular pressing --- grain refinement --- S-N curve --- stent --- magnesium alloys --- interface reaction --- diffusion --- intermetallic phases --- cyclic expansion extrusion with asymmetrical extrusion cavity --- AZ31B alloy --- microstructure --- texture --- mechanical properties --- magnesium wire --- extrusion --- characterization --- wrapping test --- AZ-series --- EBSD --- magnesium --- deformation twinning --- damage initiation --- rolling --- strength --- segregation --- precipitate --- twinning --- modeling --- void --- rigid inclusion --- magnesium-rare earth alloy --- recrystallization --- selective grain growth --- Mg-RE alloys --- in situ diffraction --- crystal plasticity --- magnesium single crystal --- sheets --- formability --- non-flammability --- indirect extrusion --- magnesium alloy --- fatigue --- equal-channel angular pressing --- grain refinement --- S-N curve --- stent

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Agriculture, as the main source of alimentation and the most important economic activity globally, is being affected by the impacts of climate change. To maintain and increase our global food system production, to reduce biodiversity loss and preserve our natural ecosystem, new practices and technologies are required. This book focuses on the latest advances in remote sensing technology and agricultural engineering leading to the sustainable agriculture practices. Earth observation data, in situ and proxy-remote sensing data are the main source of information for monitoring and analyzing agriculture activities. Particular attention is given to earth observation satellites and the Internet of Things for data collection, to multispectral and hyperspectral data analysis using machine learning and deep learning, to WebGIS and the Internet of Things for sharing and publication of the results, among others.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- geographic information system (GIS) --- pocket beaches --- coastal management --- Interreg --- climate change --- remote sensing --- drone --- Sicily --- Malta --- Gozo --- Comino --- systematic literature review --- anomaly intrusion detection --- deep learning --- IoT --- resource constraint --- IDS --- evapotranspiration --- penman-monteith equation --- artificial neural network --- canopy conductance --- Ziz basin --- water quality --- satellite image analysis --- modeling approach --- nitrate --- dissolved oxygen --- chlorophyll a --- time series analysis --- environmental monitoring --- water extraction --- modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) --- machine learning algorithm --- hyperspectral --- proximal sensing --- panicle initiation --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- green ring --- internode-elongation --- Sentinel 1 and 2 --- Copernicus Sentinels --- crop classification --- food security --- agricultural monitoring --- data analysis --- SAR --- random forest --- 3D bale wrapping method --- equal bale dimensions --- mathematical model --- minimal film consumption --- optimal bale dimensions --- round bales --- Sentinel-2 --- SVM --- RF --- Boufakrane River watershed --- irrigation requirements --- water resources --- sustainable land use --- agriculture --- invasive plants --- precision agriculture --- rice farming --- site-specific weed management --- nitrogen prediction --- 1D convolution neural networks --- cucumber --- crop yield improvement --- mango leaf --- CCA --- vein pattern --- leaf disease --- cubic SVM --- chlorophyll-a concentration --- transfer learning --- overfitting --- data augmentation --- guava disease --- plant disease detection --- crops diseases --- entropy --- features fusion --- machine learning --- object-based classification --- density estimation --- histogram --- land use --- crop fields --- soil tillage --- data fusion --- multispectral --- sensor --- probe --- temperature profile --- forest roads --- simulation --- autonomous robots --- smart agriculture --- environmental protection --- photogrammetry --- path planning --- internet of things --- modeling --- convolutional neural networks --- machine vision --- computer vision --- modular robot --- selective spraying --- vision-based crop and weed detection --- Faster R-CNN --- YOLOv5 --- band selection --- CNN --- NDVI --- hyperspectral imaging --- crops --- urban flood --- Sentinel-1a --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- 3D Convolutional Neural Network --- multi-temporal data --- land use classification --- GIS --- Coatzacoalcos --- algorithms --- clustering --- pest control --- site-specific --- virtual pests --- rice plant --- weed --- hyperspectral imagery --- sustainable agriculture --- green technologies --- Internet of Things --- natural resources --- sustainable environment --- IoT ecosystem --- hyperspectral remoting sensing --- crop mapping --- image classification --- deep transfer learning --- hyperparameter optimization --- metaheuristic --- soil attribute --- ordinary Kriging --- rational sampling numbers --- spatial heterogeneity --- sampling --- soil pH --- spatial variation --- ordinary kriging --- Land Use/Land Cover --- LISS-III --- Landsat --- Vision Transformer --- Bidirectional long-short term memory --- Google Earth Engine --- Explainable Artificial Intelligence