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What explains the explosive growth of school vouchers in the last two decades? In America's Voucher Politics, Ursula Hackett shows that the voucher movement is rooted in America's foundational struggles over religion, race, and the role of government versus the private sector. Drawing upon original datasets, archival materials, and more than one hundred interviews, Hackett shows that policymakers and political advocates use strategic policy design and rhetoric to hide the role of the state when their policy goals become legally controversial. For over sixty years of voucher litigation, white supremacists, accommodationists, and individualists have deployed this strategy of attenuated governance in court. By learning from previous mistakes and anticipating downstream effects, policymakers can avoid painful defeats, gain a secure legal footing, and entrench their policy commitments despite the surging power of rivals. An ideal case study, education policy reflects multiple axes of conflict in American politics and demonstrates how policy learning unfolds over time.

Education and state --- Educational vouchers --- Law and legislation

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In 2001, the federal government introduced the “service vouchers” scheme in order to meet household demand for proximity services. This system appeared at first as a mode of public regulation to fight against undeclared work in the sector of the domestic work and to create stable jobs for under-qualified people. The service voucher sector has become, over time, a real sector of activity that now plays a significant role in the personal services sector.

As soon as this scheme was put in place, a large number of people created their service vouchers companies. The system was particularly advantageous for both the person who initiated his activity and the user. Over time, the system has become less and less advantageous, regulations have become more stringent on the part of service-voucher companies and the price borne by the user has increased several times. Since then, we have seen companies go bankrupt, small structures that disappear in favor of the biggest, a heap of polemics concerning fraud in the sector. In view of the situation, what are the future prospects offered to the companies of the service-voucher sector?

The purpose of this thesis will be to understand to what extent the changes in the tax legislation regulating the system have had an impact on the financial viability of service vouchers companies in the Walloon Region.

In order to answer this question, we first identified the factors that could influence the profitability of these companies. Then, we tried to determine the cost price of a service voucher by evaluating its real hourly cost. It appears that commercial enterprises and temporary work agencies are among those that have the best control of their costs, followed by nonprofit organizations and, finally, integration enterprises that bear a cost higher than the exchange value of the service voucher. We also conducted a financial analysis to determine whether the evolution of the factors identified before could have had an impact on the profitability of the companies. In addition, a series of interviews was carried out in order to obtain the opinions of service vouchers companies’ managers about the scheme, its evolution and the prospects for the future they envisage.

service vouchers --- financial viability --- titres-services --- rentabilité --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Comptabilité & audit

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Concurrence --- Subventions --- Droit européen --- Subsidies --- -Business subsidies --- Corporate subsidies --- Corporate welfare --- Government subsidies --- Grants --- Vouchers (Subsidies) --- Welfare, Corporate --- Government aid --- Foreign trade promotion --- Trade adjustment assistance --- Law and legislation --- -Subsidies --- -Law and legislation --- -Government aid --- Business subsidies --- -Concurrence --- Droit européen.

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Subsidies --- -Business subsidies --- Corporate subsidies --- Corporate welfare --- Government subsidies --- Grants --- Subventions --- Vouchers (Subsidies) --- Welfare, Corporate --- Government aid --- Foreign trade promotion --- Trade adjustment assistance --- Law and legislation --- -Subsidies --- -Law and legislation --- -Government aid --- Business subsidies --- -Law and legislation -

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Subsidies are pervasive throughout OECD countries and much of this support is potentially harmful environmentally. This report presents sectoral analyses on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy and transport, proposing a checklist approach to identifying and assessing environmentally harmful subsidies. It also identifies the key tensions and conflicts that are likely to influence subsidy policy making. The book concludes with a discussion of politically feasible subsidy reform strategies.--Publisher's description.

Subsidies --- Subventions --- Environmental aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Aspect économique --- Aspect social --- Business subsidies --- Corporate subsidies --- Corporate welfare --- Government subsidies --- Grants --- Vouchers (Subsidies) --- Welfare, Corporate --- Government aid --- Foreign trade promotion --- Trade adjustment assistance