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Anti-social behaviors and social deficits induced mental disorders are critical problems in our society today. Social behaviors and interactions are shaped by experience, hereditary components (genes, hormones and neuropeptides) and environmental factors (photoperiods and metabolic signals). In addition to the classical gonadotropin-releasing hormone, RFamide peptides, kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone are emerging as important regulators of the reproductive axis. These neuropeptides are evolutionarily conserved and are regulated by environmental factors. In this Research Topic, we advocate more recent advances in reproductive neuropeptides and sex steroids in the domains of social behavior including sexual and parental behavior, aggression, stress and anxiety. Using multiple species model, we also review how genes and the neuroendocrine system interact at the cell and organismic levels to contribute to social behavior in particular the epigenetic genomic changes caused by early life environment. We provide comprehensive insights of distinct neural networks and how cellular and molecular events in the brain regulate social behavior from a comparative perspective.

sex steroids --- HPG axis --- Reproduction --- Oxytocin --- Aggression --- vasopressin --- Behavior --- GnRH --- neurotransmitter --- social bonding

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The mammalian neurohypophyseal peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin act to mediate human social behavior - they affect trust and social relationships and have an influence on avoidance responses. Describing the evolutionary roots of the effects that these neuropeptides have on behavior, this book examines remarkable parallel findings in both humans and non-human animals. The chapters are structured around three key issues: the molecular and neurohormonal mechanisms of peptides; phylogenetic considerations of their role in vertebrates; and their related effects on human behavior, social cognition and clinical applications involving psychiatric disorders such as autism. A final chapter summarizes current research perspectives and reflects on the outlook for future developments. Providing a comparative overview and featuring contributions from leading researchers, this is a valuable resource for graduate students, researchers and clinicians in this rapidly developing field.

Drugs --- Psychopharmacology. --- Oligopeptides --- Side effects. --- Psychotropic effects. --- Behavior --- Oxytocin. --- Vasopressin. --- Drug effects. --- Brain --- Effect of drugs on

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The relationship between domestic dogs and humans represents a unique example of an interspecific relationship. For this and other reasons, there has been a substantial increase in research on dogs. This Special Issue entitled “Dog Behaviour, Physiology and Welfare” collects important information ranging from basic to applied ethology, dealing with canine endocrinology (prolactin, vasopressin, thyroid hormones), physiology (visual perception), welfare (in shelters and zoos), as well as the context of working dogs (service dogs, co-therapist dogs, herding dogs) and the dog–wolf comparison. All the papers are open access and can be read at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals/special_issues/Dog_Behavior

Medicine --- dog --- canine welfare --- canine cruelty --- neglect --- RSPCA --- age --- zoo --- wolf behaviour --- animal welfare --- visitor --- conservation --- education --- breed --- blood --- dogs --- prolactin --- saliva --- stress --- herding --- livestock --- working dog --- survey --- traits --- boldness --- behavioral test --- impulsivity --- sex differences --- learning --- validation --- children --- Autism Spectrum Disorders --- cognition --- reading-to-dog programme --- guide dog --- dietary protein/fat ratio --- training --- thyroid hormones --- lipid panel --- biological motion --- point-light display --- visual perception --- experience --- dog ownership --- dog walking --- physical activity --- accelerometry --- psychosocial well-being --- prospective trial --- animal-assisted intervention --- dog rescue --- foster dog --- shelter dog --- behaviour --- cortisol --- male --- shelter --- Spanish Greyhound --- animal cruelty --- socioeconomic --- problems --- assessment --- canines --- shelters --- predict --- social tolerance --- social attentiveness --- reconciliation --- consolation --- appeasement --- play fighting --- leverage --- behavioural plasticity --- Canis lupus lupus --- behavior --- alloparental care --- puppies --- breeders --- separation distress disorder --- vasopressin --- oxytocin --- anxiety --- disaster --- preparedness --- puppy raiser --- service dogs --- working dogs

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Multiscale entropy (MSE) measures to evaluate the complexity of time series by taking into account the multiple time scales in physical systems were proposed in the early 2000s. Since then, these approaches have received a great deal of attention and have been used in a wide range of applications. Multivariate approaches have also been developed. The algorithms for an MSE approach are composed of two main steps: (i) a coarse-graining procedure to represent the system’s dynamics on different scales and (ii) the entropy computation for the original signal and for the coarse-grained time series to evaluate the irregularity for each scale. Moreover, different entropy measures have been associated with the coarse-graining approach, each one having its advantages and drawbacks. In this Special Issue, we gathered 24 papers focusing on either the theory or applications of MSE approaches. These papers can be divided into two groups: papers that propose new developments in entropy-based measures or improve the understanding of existing ones (9 papers) and papers that propose new applications of existing entropy-based measures (14 papers). Moreover, one paper presents a review of cross-entropy methods and their multiscale approaches.

History of engineering & technology --- electrocardiogram --- heart rate variability --- multiscale distribution entropy --- RR interval --- short-term inter-beat interval --- Alzheimer disease --- functional near infra-red spectroscopy --- signal complexity --- clock drawing test --- digit span test --- corsi block tapping test --- structural health monitoring --- multi-scale --- composite cross-sample entropy --- PD --- fault diagnosis --- variational mode decomposition --- multi-scale dispersion entropy --- HMSVM --- multiscale entropy --- embodied media --- tele-communication --- humanoid --- prefrontal cortex --- human behavior --- complexity --- page view --- sample entropy --- Wikipedia --- missing values --- physiological data --- medical information --- postural stability index --- stability states --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition --- gait --- Multiscale Permutation Entropy --- ordinal patterns --- estimator variance --- Cramér–Rao Lower Bound --- finite-length signals --- nonlinear dynamics --- multiscale indices --- cardiac risk stratification --- Holter --- long term monitoring --- multifractal spectrum --- multiscale time irreversibility --- predictability --- multiscale analysis --- entropy rate --- memory effect --- financial time series --- entropy --- cardiac autonomic neuropathy --- diabetes --- mental workload --- motif --- multi-scale entropy --- permutation entropy --- HRV --- SVM --- multivariate multiscale dispersion entropy --- multivariate time series --- electroencephalogram --- magnetoencephalogram --- CPD --- EEG --- sleep staging --- tensor decomposition --- preterm neonate --- bearing fault diagnosis --- weak fault --- multi-component signal --- local robust principal component analysis --- multi-scale permutation entropy --- brain complexity --- dynamic functional connectivity --- edge complexity --- fluid intelligence --- node complexity --- resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging --- aging --- consolidation --- default mode network --- episodic memory --- fMRI --- network complexity --- resting state --- copula density --- dependency structures --- Voronoi decomposition --- ambient temperature --- telemetry --- systolic blood pressure --- pulse interval --- thermoregulation --- vasopressin --- center of pressure --- falls --- postural control --- cross-entropy --- multiscale cross-entropy --- asynchrony --- coupling --- cross-sample entropy --- cross-approximate entropy --- cross-distribution entropy --- cross-fuzzy entropy --- cross-conditional entropy --- eye movement events detection --- nonlinear analysis time series analysis --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- multilevel entropy map --- time-scale decomposition --- heart sound --- ICEEMDAN --- RCMDE --- Fisher ratio --- biometric characterization --- multi-scale entropy (MSE) --- vector autoregressive fractionally integrated (VARFI) models --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- systolic arterial pressure (SAP) --- multivariate data