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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Botany & plant sciences --- Wheat --- Agronomy --- GxExM --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Wheat Initiative

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La production de plantes haploïdes doublées (HD) permet aux sélectionneurs végétaux d’obtenir des lignées complètement homozygotes en une seule génération. Le laboratoire de culture in vitro de l’Institut de Genech est spécialisé dans la production de plantes HD chez plusieurs espèces. Chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.), ce laboratoire utilise en routine le croisement intergénérique avec le maïs pour produire des HD. Toutefois l’entreprise souhaiterait se pencher vers une méthode utilisant l’androgenèse : la culture d’anthères. En effet, cette technique permettrait de ne plus devoir gérer une culture de maïs et un doublement chromosomique spontané est possible via cette méthode. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer différentes pistes afin de mettre en place un protocole de culture d’anthères de blé tendre. Quatre expérimentations ont été effectuées sur des plantes mères de serre. Une première expérience a comparé deux types de prétraitement : un choc à 4°C pendant deux semaines appliqué sur l’épi et un choc à 1.0M mannitol pendant quatre jours à 20°C sur les anthères. Les deux méthodes ont obtenu une réponse androgénique similaire. Ensuite, les trois autres expérimentations ciblaient la composition du milieu d’induction. Une comparaison entre un milieu semi-liquide, W14mf, et un milieu solide, C17 a tout d’abord été réalisée. Le milieu W14mf a produit en moyenne une plus grande quantité de structures embryonnaires (SE) et de plantes vertes (PV ; 37,32 SE/100 anthères (A) et 7,64 PV/100A) par rapport au milieu C17 (8,72 SE/100A et 2,24 PV/100A). De plus, l’utilisation du milieu W14mf pré-conditionné avec cinq ovaires a permis de tripler la production en SE alors que, de façon étonnante, aucune progression du nombre de PV n’a été notée. Enfin, un ajout de 25mg/L d’arabinogalactane non purifiée dans le milieu W14mf n’a pas eu d’impact sur la réponse androgénique des microspores. L’albinisme a constitué un obstacle majeur pour certaines expérimentations. Dans certains cas, plus de 95% des plantes régénérées étaient albinos. Le génotype des plantes mères est le principal facteur expliquant ce phénomène. Mais de nombreux facteurs externes, tels que les conditions physiologiques des plantes mères, ont également un impact sur l’albinisme. Dès lors, une expérimentation à petite échelle a été effectuée pour comparer la réponse androgénique d’anthères provenant de plantes mères du champ et mis en culture sans prétraitement avec celle d’anthères provenant de plante mères de serre et mis en culture après un prétraitement des épis durant 2 semaines à 4°C. Les plantes mères de champs ont produit significativement plus de PV (10,64 PV/100A) par rapport aux plantes mères de serre (4,22 PV/100A). En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces expériences nous a permis d’affirmer que l’avenir de la culture d’anthères pour la production d’HD est prometteur au sein du laboratoire de l’Institut de Genech. Néanmoins, il sera nécessaire de trouver des solutions pour restreindre au maximum les deux principales limites de la culture d’anthères : l’albinisme et la dépendance au génotype des plantes mères. The production of doubled haploid (DH) plants enables plant breeders to obtain completely homozygous lines in a single generation. The in vitro culture laboratory of Genech Institute is specialized in the production of DH plants on several species. In common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this laboratory routinely uses the intergeneric cross with maize to produce DH. However, the company would like to look into a method which uses androgenesis: the anther culture. Indeed, this technique would eliminate the need to manage a maize culture and a spontaneous chromosomal doubling is possible via this method. In this context, the aim of this study was to explore different clues in order to implement an anther culture protocol on common wheat. Four experimentations have been carried out on mother plants coming from the greenhouse. A first experiment compared two types of pretreatment: a 4°C shock applied during two weeks on spike and a 1.0M mannitol shock during four days at 20°C on anthers. The two methods displayed a similar androgenic response. Then, the three other experimentations were focused on the composition of the induction medium. A comparison between a semi-liquid medium, W14mf, and a solid medium, C17, was firstly done. The W14mf medium produced in average more embryo-like structures (ELS) and green plants (GP; 37.32 ELS/100 anthers (A) and 7.64 GP/100A) than C17 medium (8.72 ELS/100A and 2.24 GP/100A). Moreover, the use of pre-conditioned W14mf medium with five ovaries helped to triple the production of ELS, whereas surprisingly, no increase in the number of GP was recorded. Lastly, an addition of 25 mg/L of non-purified arabinogalactan in the W14mf medium didn’t have an impact on the androgenic response of microspores. The albinism formed a major obstacle for some experiments. In some cases, more than 95% of the regenerated plants were albinos. The main factor explaining this phenomenon is the genotype of mother plants. But a lot of external factors, such as the physiological conditions of mother plants, have also an impact on albinism. Therefore, a small-scale experiment was undertaken to compare the androgenic response of anthers of mother plants originating from the field and in which no stress pretreatment was done, with mother plants coming from the greenhouse and in which a 4°C pretreatment was done on spikes during two weeks. The mother plants of the field produced significantly more GP (10.64 GP/100A) than mother plants of the greenhouse (4.22 PV/100). To conclude, this set of experimentations allowed us to reveal that the future of anther culture to generate DH seems promising within the laboratory of Genech Institute. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to find solutions to limit as much as possible the two main constraints of anther culture: the albinism and the dependence on mother plants genotype.

Doubled haploid --- Androgenesis --- Anther culture --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Common wheat --- Haploïde doublé --- Androgenèse --- Culture d'anthères --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Blé tendre --- Sciences du vivant > Biologie végétale (sciences végétales, sylviculture, mycologie...) --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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Les nombreux effets néfastes de l’utilisation des pesticides chimiques de synthèse sur l’environnement ont poussé l’agriculture à se tourner vers des moyens de lutte plus respectueux de l’environnement. C’est dans ce contexte que le présent travail tente d’évaluer l’impact de stimulateurs de défense des plantes (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Fukomoto, peaT 1 et Hrip 1) et de sémiochimiques (nepetalactone et salicylate de méthyle) sur la population de pucerons et par la même occasion sur la transmission du virus barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Dans un premier temps, des tests de comportement de Sitobion avenae Fabricius, sur Triticum aestivum L. (froment), face à différentes concentrations de nepetalactone (0.1%, 1% et 10%) et à Hrip 1 ont été réalisés. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée. Ensuite, une mesure du taux de transmission du virus BYDV-PAV par S. avenae en fonction de l’élicitation avec Hrip 1 a été effectuée mais aucune différence significative n’a été constatée. Dans un second temps, une étude de l’évolution des pucerons et une mesure du taux de transmission de BYDV-PAV et GAV, dans un champ de froment d’hiver, en fonction de six modalités (nepetalactone, salicylate de méthyle, peaT 1, peaT 1/salicylate de méthyle, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens et contrôle) ont été réalisées. Pour les pucerons observés sur les talles, une différence hautement significative entre la population de pucerons et plus particulièrement S. avenae et le traitement Bacillus a été observée. Lors de la mesure du taux de transmission de BYDV-PAV et GAV, aucune différence n’a été constatée. Malgré cela, aucune souche GAV n’a été retrouvée dans les parcelles avec un éliciteur (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, peaT 1 et peaT 1 / salicylate de méthyle).

froment (Triticum aestivum L.), Sitobion avenae Fabricius, éliciteurs, Hrip 1, nepetalactone, sémiochimiques, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Fukomoto, peaT 1, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), salicylate de méthyle --- Sciences du vivant > Entomologie & lutte antiravageur

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Cereal foods comprise a large variety of products that make up the main part of the diet of the world population. Despite decades of research to improve cereals and cereal food quality, worldwide research coordination is now required due to market needs, processing, and climate change. Cereals and cereal foods are an important source of energy (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat), and offer a range of non-nutrient bioactive components (i.e., vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals) that provide different grades of health benefits. The main challenges for the near future include the exploration, valorization, and improvement of genetic variation for nutrients and bioactive food components; the use and implementation of biotechnological, preprocessing, and processing strategies to improve content; and the evaluation of health properties for health claims.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- coix seed --- Monascus purpureus --- antioxidant --- fermentation --- HEp2 --- buckwheat --- dehulling --- germination --- LC-MS --- free phenolic --- bound phenolic --- antioxidant activity --- sorghum --- phenolic compounds --- cell growth inhibition --- cell cycle analysis --- apoptosis --- HepG2 --- Caco-2 --- wheat --- nutrients --- celiac disease --- wheat allergy --- non-celiac wheat/gluten sensitivity --- durum wheat --- milling fractions --- air-classification plant --- micronization plant --- sorghum phenolics --- anti-inflammatory --- anti-proliferative --- anti-diabetic --- anti-atherogenic --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Triticum durum Desf. --- gluten --- breadmaking --- durum grains --- genetic variability --- heritability --- climate constraints --- yield performance --- air-classified fractions --- alveographic properties --- antioxidants --- starch --- ATI --- glutenins --- gluten strength --- grain protein content --- haplotypes --- SNPs --- milling methods --- dietary fiber --- phenolic acid --- steamed bread --- leavened pancake --- multiple linear regression (MLR) --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- milled rice --- enzymes --- air classification --- inorganic contaminants --- organic contaminants --- arsenic --- mycotoxins --- maize inbred lines --- nutritional value --- protein quality

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The concept of nitrogen gap (NG), i.e., its recognition and amelioration, forms the core of this book entitled Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM). Determination of the presence of an NG between fields on a farm and/or within a particular field, together with its size, requires a set of highly reliable diagnostic tools. The necessary set of diagnostic tools, based classically on pedological and agrochemical methods, should be currently supported by remote-sensing methods. A combination of these two groups of methods is the only way to recognize the factors responsible for yield gap (YG) appearance and to offer a choice of measures for its effective amelioration. The NG concept is discussed in the two first papers (Grzebisz and Łukowiak, Agronomy 2021, 11, 419; Łukowiak et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1959). Crop productivity depends on a synchronization of plant demand for nitrogen and its supply from soil resources during the growing season. The action of nitrate nitrogen (N–NO3), resulting in direct plant crop response, can be treated by farmers as a crucial growth factor. The expected outcome also depends on the status of soil fertility factors, including pools of available nutrients and the activity of microorganisms. Three papers are devoted to these basic aspects of soil fertility management (Sulewska et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1958; Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1701; Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2021, 11, 1333). The resistance of a currently cultivated crop to seasonal weather variability depends to a great extent on the soil fertility level. This aspect is thoroughly discussed for three distinct soil types and climates with respect to their impact on yield (Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1160—Czech Republic; Wang et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1237—China; Łukowiak and Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1364—Poland). In the fourth section of this book, the division a particular field into homogenous production zones is discussed as a basis for effective nitrogen management within the field. This topic is presented for different regions and crops (China, Poland, and the USA) (Cammarano et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1767; Panek et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1842; Larson et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1858).

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Triticum aestivum L. --- farmyard manure --- mineral fertilizers --- crude protein content --- soil properties, site-specific requirements --- yield --- site-specific nitrogen management --- regional optimal nitrogen management --- net return --- nitrogen use efficiency --- spatial variability --- temporal variability --- seed density --- N uptake --- indices of N productivity --- mineral N --- indigenous Nmin at spring --- post-harvest Nmin --- N balance --- N efficiency --- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II --- chlorophyll content index --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti --- Si --- B --- Mo --- Zn) --- soil --- nitrate nitrogen content --- contents of available phosphorus --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- cardinal stages of WOSR growth --- PCA --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil brightness --- satellite remote sensing --- crop yield --- soil fertility --- winter wheat --- winter triticale --- vegetation indices --- NDVI --- grain yield --- number of spikes --- economics --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- on-the-go sensors --- winter oilseed rape → winter triticale cropping sequence --- N input --- N total uptake --- N gap --- Beta vulgaris L. --- organic manure --- weather conditions --- soil chemistry --- sugar concentration --- climatic potential yield --- yield gap --- soil constraints --- subsoil --- remote sensing-techniques --- field --- a field --- crop production --- sustainability --- homogenous productivity units --- nitrogen indicators: in-season --- spatial --- vertical variability of N demand and supply --- spectral imagery