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A detailed examination of the trade and economy of England, in a time of vast changes. The changes that affected the English economic landscape between 1450 and 1550 are examined here through a close study of three south-eastern counties which provide a rich variety of sources. Mavis Mate pays particular attention to the growing commercialisation of the brewing industry and its impact on women, the expansion of trade with Normandy, Brittany and the Low Countries, and the rise of trade outside the market place. Using material from the lay subsidy rolls of 1524-5, she finds a sharp difference between towns in their distribution of wealth, the size of their alien population and the number of men earning wages of forty shillings. Although the growth of London undoubtedly influenced the areas south of the Thames, its markets were always in competition with local markets and the need to provision Calais. Other changes included the increasing exploitation of woodland to produce fuel, wood and charcoal, and the intensive cultivation of gardens, with the growing of hemp, saffron and all kinds of fruit trees. These developments would not have been possible without changes in the customary land market that allowed gentry, the yeomen, and merchants to buy up former bond-land and build up substantial holdings. As land accumulated in new hands, the former small-holders either disappeared or held their land under different terms. Their standard of living, which had improved in the hundred years after the Black Death, dropped when wages failed to keep pace with prices. MAVIS MATE is Emerita Professor, University of Oregon.

338 <09> <420> --- Economische geschiedenis--Engeland --- Kent (England) --- Surrey (England) --- Sussex (England) --- England --- Economic conditions. --- Commerce. --- Economic conditions --- 338 <09> <420> Economische geschiedenis--Engeland --- Sussex, Eng. --- Sussex --- East Sussex (England) --- West Sussex (England) --- Surry (England) --- Kent, Eng. --- County of Kent (England) --- Kent (England: County) --- Commerce --- 1066-1485 --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic Conditions.

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The Warenne Chronicle is the more appropriate name for the Latin text known as the Hyde Chronicle. It covers the period from 1035 - the year in which Robert the Magnificent, duke of Normandy, died - up to the account of the White ship disaster in November 1120 when William Adelin, eldest son and heir of King Henry I, lost his life at the age of eighteen. The chronicle therefore covers the history of Normandy and England around the Norman Conquest of England with special reference to the earls of Warenne in Normandy. It is not a full blown dynastic history of this aristocratic family, but rather a historical narrative that emphasises the loyal support of the earls to the Norman rulers. The crucial question as to how far the Warenne chronicler may have covered the years beyond 1120 is impossible to settle definitively. The new argument put forward here is that the Warenne Chronicle was written early in the reign of King Henry II, probably shortly after 1157, for King Stephen's son William and his wife Isabel, heiress of Warenne, to provide an account of the invaluable help her ancestors had given to the Anglo-Norman rulers. Although the chronicle has survived anonymously, the suggestion is made that the author may have been Master Eustace of Boulogne, clerk and chancellor of William of Blois as fourth earl of Warenne. Unique information, other than that pertaining to the Warennes, concerns the commemoration of Queen Edith/Matilda, Henry I's rule in western Normandy, and the use of the word 'normananglus' (Norman-English) for the inhabitants of England of Norman origin.

De Warenne family --- History --- Sources --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- Early works to 1800. --- Histoire --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- De Warenne, William, --- Guillaume de Warenne, --- British library --- Manuscrit. Cotton Domitian A XIV. --- De Warenne, William, - 1st, - Earl of Surrey, - -1088 --- Great Britain - History - Norman period, 1066-1154 --- Great Britain - History - Edward, the Confessor, 1042-1066 --- Great Britain - History - Edward, the Confessor, 1042-1066 - Early works to 1800 --- Great Britain - History - Norman period, 1066-1154 - Early works to 1800