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"Regular use of sunscreens has been shown to reduce the risk of sunburn and skin cancer, and slow photoaging of skin. Sunscreens can rinse off into water where people are swimming or wading, and can also enter bodies of water through wastewater such as from bathing or showering. As a result, the ultraviolet (UV) filters - the active ingredients in sunscreens that reduce the amount of UV radiation on skin - have been detected in the water, sediment, and animal tissues in aquatic environments. Because the impact of these filters on aquatic ecosystems is not fully understood, assessment is needed to better understand their environmental impacts. This report calls on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to conduct an ecological risk assessment of UV filters to characterize the possible risks to aquatic ecosystems and the species that live in them. EPA should focus on environments more likely to be exposed such as those with heavy recreational use, or where wastewater and urban runoff enter the water. The risk assessment should cover a broad range of species and biological effects and could consider potential interacting effects among UV filters and with other environmental stresses such as climate change. In addition, the report describes the role of sunscreens in preventing skin cancer and what is known about how human health could be affected by potential changes in usage. While the need for a risk assessment is urgent, research is needed to advance understanding of both risks to the environment from UV filters and impacts to human health from changing sunscreen availability and usage"--

Sunscreens (Cosmetics) --- Water --- Pollution prevention. --- Aquatic habitats. --- Human beings --- Sunburn. --- Pollution. --- Effect of ultraviolet radiation on.

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Zacarías León's thesis describes the development and validation of analytical methods to estimate the processes set in motion by percutaneous absorption of UV filters in sunscreen cosmetic products. León describes these methods in both in vitro and non-invasive in vivo methodologies. Currently dermatologists recommend the use of sunscreen products not only under conditions of extreme exposure to the sun but also in daily situations. However the chemical compounds in these products contain may lead to undesired processes and cause induced toxicity, estogenic effects and endocrine activity. León establishes methods to investigate these effects and provides valuable information on the undesired side effects associated with the use of UV filters found in sunscreen products. The work in this thesis has led to a number of publications in renowned analytical chemistry journals.

Skin absorption. --- Sunscreens (Cosmetics) --- Dermatology. --- Side effects. --- Sunscreening agents --- Cutaneous absorption --- Percutaneous absorption --- Chemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Biology --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Biological Techniques. --- Technique. --- Medicine --- Skin --- Absorption (Physiology) --- Cosmetics --- Dermatologic agents --- Diseases --- Physiology --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Toxicology. --- Cytology --- Research --- Methodology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Chemicals --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Toxicology --- Biology—Technique. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Chemistry --- Physiological effect