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The conifer tree can lead to a wide variety of products and services. Overall, the evaluation, management and planning of the multiplicity of these forest systems requires effective and specific methods and tools in a sustainable frame of the systems and of their products and services. This book reflects the current research on conifer stands and forests. The authors, specialists in different areas, addressed several issues in forest science, focusing on the species' characteristics, silviculture and climate change; growth analysis; reconstruction of stand dynamics of mixed stands; establishment, regeneration and succession; litter-fall, nutrient cycle and silviculture; distribution and zonation; and ecosystem services provided by monocultures and mixed stands.

Conifers. --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens --- Life Sciences --- Forestry Science --- Environmental Sciences

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Pinales --- Évolution --- evolution --- Taxonomie --- taxonomy --- Identification --- identification --- world --- GYM Gymnospermae --- Coniferae = Conifers --- Araucariaceae --- Cupressaceae --- Pinaceae --- Podocarpaceae --- Sciadopityaceae --- Taxaceae --- descriptions --- international --- classification --- morphology --- palaeobotany --- new combinations --- distribution maps --- 588.1 --- coniferen (lt) --- groenbeheer (lt) --- evolution. --- identification. --- Conifers --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens

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This Book provides the first comprehensive volume on conifers detailing their genomes, variations, and evolution. The book begins with general information about conifers such as taxonomy, geography, reproduction, life history, and social and economic importance. Then topics discussed include the full genome sequence, complex traits, phenotypic and genetic variations, landscape genomics, and forest health and conservation. This book also synthesizes the research included to provide a bigger picture and suggest an evolutionary trajectory. As a large plant family, conifers are an important part of economic botany. The group includes the pines, spruces, firs, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses, and sequoias. Of the phylum Coniferophyta, conifers typically bear cones and evergreen leaves. Recently, there has been much data available in conifer genomics with the publication of several crop and non-crop genome sequences. In addition to their economic importance, conifers are an important habitat for humans and animals, especially in developing parts of the world. The application of genomics for improving the productivity of conifer crops holds great promise to help provide resources for the most needy in the world. .

Conifers --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant genetics. --- Plant breeding. --- Plant diseases. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Genetics --- Physiology --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Structure --- Plant development. --- Plant systematics. --- Plant taxonomy. --- Plant pathology. --- Botanical classification --- Botanical systematics --- Botanical taxonomy --- Classification --- Plant biosystematics --- Plant classification --- Plant systematics --- Plant taxonomy --- Systematic botany --- Systematics (Botany) --- Taxonomy, Plant --- Plant taxonomists --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Ontogeny

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Each tree ring contains an image of the time when the ring formed, projected onto the ring's size, structure, and composition. Tree rings thus are natural archives of past environments, and contain records of past climate. While dendrochronologists have investigated the impact of climate on tree-ring growth by empirical–statistical methods, this volume presents a process-based model complementing previous approaches. Basic ideas concerning the biology of tree-ring growth and its control by environmental factors are treated, especially for conifers. The use of the model is illustrated by means of several examples from widely differing environments, and possible future directions for model development and application are discussed. The volume provides an improved mechanistic basis for the interpretation of tree rings as records of past climate. It advances process understanding of the large-scale environmental control of wood growth. As forests are the main carbon sink on land, the results are of great importance for all global change studies.

Conifers. --- Conifers-- Growth. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Botany --- Fungi & Algae --- Plant Ecology --- Conifers --- Tree-rings. --- Xylem. --- Growth. --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Life sciences. --- Plant ecology. --- Forestry. --- Trees. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Climate change. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Tree Biology. --- Climate Change. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant cells and tissues --- Vascular system of plants --- Growth (Plants) --- Trees --- Wood --- Dendrochronology --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens --- Figure --- Climatic changes. --- Forests and forestry. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Structure --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry -- Forest Trees --- ALLW. --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Environmental monitoring. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Ontogeny --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Floristic ecology --- Global environmental change --- Environment. --- Environmental Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring. --- Plant Development. --- Development. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology